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| 1. The sum of all chemical reactions within living cells to break down complex molecules into smaller compounds is called: |
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| 2. In a protein, the amin-acid is considered a: |
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| 3. Hydrophilic amin-acids can be positive or negative. Hydrophilic amino-acids can be neutral (no charge) |
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| 3. When thinking about amino-acids: |
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| Are non-cellular biological entities |
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| Reproduce, grow and develop. Are composed of cells (at least one) |
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| 5. Living organisms, by definition: |
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| Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia |
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Definition
| 6. The four kingdoms of Eukarya are: |
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| Is the universal energy carrier. Has three phosphate groups per molecule |
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| Archaea are closer to Eukarya than to Bacteria |
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Definition
| 8. When thinking about the domains of life: |
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| Humans and chimpanzees come from a common ancestor |
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| 9. When thinking about evolution, what is the right statement: |
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| The cellular hereditary material. The 'blueprint of life'. Used as the basis for reproduction. |
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| Can contain DNA, but not always do |
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Branch points define common ancestors
Tip of the branches define different species |
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| 12. In an evolutionary tree: |
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| Utilizes organic compound as source of energy and source of carbon |
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| 14. What organisms, based on evolutionary trees, are the first to have ‘true’ sexual reproduction: |
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| 15. The kingdom Plantae is composed of: |
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| 16. Which kingdom is the first to have evolved ‘true’ organs: |
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Share their amino, central carbon and carboxyl groups
Have a specific R group, which defines them |
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| Share their amino, central carbon and carboxyl groups Have a specific R group, which defines them |
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| The rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| 18. Ribosomes are found in: |
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Organelles evolved from prokaryotes engulfing other cells
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria |
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Definition
| 19. When thinking about the origin of organelles: |
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The first law states that energy cannot be either created or destroyed
The second law states that when a reaction occurs, it becomes disordered |
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Active transport requires the addition of energy while passive transport does not
Active transport is characterized by the movement from low to high concentration |
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Definition
| 21. When thinking about molecular transport: |
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| Is the receptor-mediated inward budding of the membrane |
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Definition
| 22. Specific endocytosis: |
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Is caused by mutations that occur in the DNA molecule
Is a multi-step process resulting in cells ‘out of control’ |
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| Is the structure for sexual reproduction in Angiosperms |
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| only once, with one universal ancestor called LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor |
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Definition
| 25. Based on Science, Life began: |
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| 27. Cellular respiration occurs in: |
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| 28. The products of photosynthesis are: |
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| tRNA, and is crucial for the process of translation |
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Definition
| 29. The anticodon sequence is part of the: |
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| G1/G0, S, G2 and M (mitosis and cytokinesis) |
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Definition
| 30. The main steps of the cell cycle are: |
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| 31. How many molecules of ATP are made during the Krebs cycle? |
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| A pairs with T in DNA and U in RNA, while C pairs with G in both DNA and RNA |
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Definition
| 32. When thinking about base-pairing: |
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| Regulatory DNA switches and regulatory proteins |
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Definition
| 33. Regulation or control of gene expression relies mainly on two essential elements: |
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| 34. The central dogma in biology states: |
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| First photosynthesis reaction, and consists in the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy |
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| 35. The light reaction is the: |
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Runs towards the positive electrode
Runs according to the length of the segment |
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Definition
| 36. In gel electrophoresis, DNA: |
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| Plants and cyanobacteria, utilizing the sun light as energy source |
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Definition
| 37. Who performs photosynthesis? |
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| The longest phase, and consists of G1/G0, S and G2 |
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Definition
| 38. In the cell cycle, the interphase is: |
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Are important in DNA technology
Are used to cut DNA at highly specific sequences |
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Definition
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| 40. During the ‘S’ phase of the cell cycle: |
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Definition
| 41. Which process involves the reduction of the number of chromosomes in the cell? |
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| Have essential roles in mostly all cells |
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Definition
| 42. When thinking about control of gene expression, ‘housekeeping’ genes: |
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| ‘ATG’ is used as ‘start’ codon and ‘TGA’ as stop |
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Definition
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| The second reaction of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| 44. The Calvin cycle (Dark reaction) is: |
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| The nucleotide bases of DNA |
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| Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and finally oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| 47. The three steps of cellular respiration, are, in order: |
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| Yeast and bacteria in the process of fermentation |
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Definition
| 48. Ethyl alcohol is produced by: |
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Somatic cells are diploid
Sex cells are haploid |
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Definition
| 49. Thinking about the number of chromosomes in the cell: |
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| 50. If the codon sequence is GUA, its anticodon sequence will be: |
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| DNA is double-stranded and RNA single-stranded |
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Definition
| 51. Thinking about nucleic acids: |
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| 52. During ‘normal’ reproduction who determines sex? |
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| 53. In which phase the chromosomes line up: |
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One molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate
There is a total gain of two ATP molecules |
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Definition
| 54. In the process of glycolysis: |
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| Different versions of a given gene |
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Definition
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Definition
Increase the speed of the reaction
Decrease the energy of activation |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| 57. Which step is involved in the production of ATP using Oxygen? |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| 58. In DNA technology ‘PCR’ stands for: |
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| 59. A good example of allele co-dominance in humans is represented by: |
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| 3.5-3.8 billion years ago |
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Definition
| 60. Scientists estimate that LUCA appeared: |
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| 61. What is the percentage homology between human and chimpanzee DNA? |
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| Humans and chimpanzees come from a common ancestor |
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Definition
| 62. When thinking about human evolution, which is the correct statement? |
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| ‘AA’ and ‘aa’ are homozygotes and ‘Aa’ is heterozygote |
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Definition
| 63. If ‘A’ and ‘a’ are two alleles of the same gene: |
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| Africa, and originated 6,000-10,000 years ago |
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Definition
| 64. The oldest Homo fossil was found in: |
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| The exchange of alleles between two different populations |
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Definition
| 65. In evolution, ‘gene flow’ refers to: |
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| Two copies of each chromosome; one paternal and one maternal |
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Definition
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| Crossing-over can separate linked genes Linked genes are not independently assorted |
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Definition
| 67. Which of the following statements is correct? (Regarding Crossing-over) |
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| Arise from common ancestry and are considered homologous structures |
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Definition
| 68. Shared inherited characteristics between different species: |
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Definition
| 69. Albinism represents a good example of: |
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Leads to random changes in allele frequencies
Has a greater effect if the population is small
Generally reduces the variation in the population |
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Definition
| 70. During evolution, ‘genetic drift’: |
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Definition
| 71. Skin color or height in humans represent good example of: |
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| three purple and one white flowers (3:1 ratio) |
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Definition
| 72. Based on the law of segregation, if ‘P’ is purple and dominant, and ‘p’ is recessive and white, the offspring of two ‘Pp’ flowers will give, in average: |
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| Mutations, gene flow, genetic drift and natural selection |
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Definition
| 73. Evolution causes changes in allele frequencies in four ways: |
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| Directional, stabilizing and disruptive |
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Definition
| 74. What are the three types of natural selection? |
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| Can be harmful, beneficial or neutral |
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Definition
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| Pertain their own domain of life |
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Definition
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| Mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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Definition
| 77. The energy in eukaryotic cells is supplied by which organelle: |
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| Is mainly composed of phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded |
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Definition
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