Term
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Definition
| anything that takes up space and has mass-the physical material of the universe |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 major categories of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is potential energy? |
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Definition
| energy stored in matter because of its position or location |
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Term
| potential energy of biological systems can be stored in __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
| what is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| every energy transfer or transformation makes the universe more disordered |
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Term
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Definition
| the measure of disorder, randomness |
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Term
| Why do you get hot when you work out? |
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Definition
| As the energy in food is converted to the energy of movement, some of the original energy is converted to heat. |
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Term
| If every energy transfer loses usable energy, why doesn’t life on the planet simply run out of energy? |
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Definition
| because the sun constantly provides the planet with energy because the planet is an open system |
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Term
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Definition
| energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| a system is completely isolated from its surroundings |
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Term
| what does thermodynamics determine? |
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Definition
| whether or not a chemical reaction will occur in the cell, and how much energy it will consume or release |
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Term
| list the 2 types of chemical reactions: |
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Definition
1. endergonic
2. exergonic |
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Term
| what is an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| a reaction that releases energy |
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Term
| what is an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| a reaction that requires energy |
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Term
| which type of chemical reaction is photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| which chemical reaction is a spontaneous reaction? and which is a non-spontaneous reaction? |
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Definition
spontaneous - exergonic
nonspontaneous - endergonic (requires energy first!) |
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Term
| If energy is given off in a reaction, you can assume that: |
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Definition
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Term
| the 'starter energy' for an exergonic reaction is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| what is activation energy? |
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Definition
| the amount of energy that reactant molecules must absorb to start a reaction |
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Term
| chemical reactions which _____ energy can be coupled to chemical reactions which ______ energy |
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Definition
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Term
| Which homeostatic process helps us maintain a constant body temperature? |
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Definition
| Heat that is given off as energy during metabolic activity in cells is used to stabilize body temperature |
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Term
| Which homeostatic process helps us maintain a constant body temperature? |
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Definition
| Heat that is given off as energy during metabolic activity in cells is used to stabilize body temperature |
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Term
| what is metabolism (and the processes)? |
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Definition
the total of an organism's chemical processes
(uptake of matter and energy, conversion to a usable form, synthesis of cellular materials, and elimination of waste products) |
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Term
| the chemistry of life is organized into ____________ _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 types of metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are catabolic pathways? |
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Definition
metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds (degradation, releases energy)
(cat --> cats release energy when playing?) |
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Term
| what are anabolic pathways? |
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Definition
metabolic pathways that consime energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones (synthesis, energy requiring)
(an --> and I need energy to work!) |
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Term
| how do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| by lowering energy barriers |
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Term
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Definition
chemical agents that accelerate a reaction without being permanently changed in the process
(reusable not destroyed --> cats have 9 lives?) |
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Term
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Definition
| biological catalysts which are usually proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| substances which enzymes act on |
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Term
| what is the active site of an enzyme? |
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Definition
| the restricted region of an enzyme molecule where the substrate is bound |
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Term
| how is an active site on an ezyme usually formed? |
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Definition
| by only a few amnio acid R-groups |
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Term
| The shape, size, and binding ability of the active site confer _________ for the substrate (i.e., the substrate has to fit the active site) |
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Definition
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Term
| some enzymes require _______ to function |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small non protein organic molecules that are required for proper enzyme catalysts (e.g., vitamins) |
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Term
| how are metabolic pathways regulated? |
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Definition
| controlling enzyme activity |
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Term
| what is feedback inhibition? |
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Definition
| is the regulation of a metabolic pathway by its end product, which inhibits an enzyme at an earlier point in the pathway |
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Term
| what are allosteric sites? |
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Definition
| specific receptor sites on some part of the enzyme molecules other than the active site |
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Term
| the catalytic ability of enzymes may also be inhibited by ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what are competitive inhibitors? |
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Definition
| chemicals that resemble an enzyme's normal substrate and compete with it for the active site and they block the active site by binding but not reacting. (its reversible though) |
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Term
| When a molecule that is not the normal substrate for an enzyme binds to its active site, this results in: |
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Definition
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