Term
| Which four elements are most abundant in living matter? |
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Definition
| Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen. |
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Term
| A substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio is a ___ |
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Definition
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| The smallest unit of property that still retains the property of the element is an ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Subatomic particle with a single positive charge is a ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Subatomic particle that has a neutral charge ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Subatomic particle with a single negative charge is an ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| The atom's core, where the proton and neutron are gathered is called the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| The atomic number is defined by ___ |
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Definition
| The number of protons the atom has. |
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Term
| The mass number is defined by ___ |
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Definition
| The sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus. |
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Term
| Atoms with the same amount of electrons and protons but different amount of neutrons is called an ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| An isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| All atoms react to achieve the electron configuration of eight valence electrons because of the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Bonds between two different non-metals are likely to be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Bonds between a metal and a non-metal are likely to be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Bonds between two of the same type atoms are likely to be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical reaction is defined as ___ |
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Definition
| Breaking of old chemical bonds and forming of new bonds. |
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Term
| Signs of a chemical reaction are ___ |
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Definition
Formation of a gas (bubbles)
Change in color of a substance
Formation of a solid precipitate in a liquid environment |
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Term
| the smallest particle of a compound that retains the chemical behavior of that compound is a ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Electrically neutral group of atoms made up of mostly a metal and a non-metal.
Are water-like in chemical behavior. (Hydrophillic)
Net charge must equal zero. |
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Definition
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Term
Composed of a group of atoms that are not electrically neutral, and are held together by covalent bonds.
Mostly composed of a chemical bond between two non-metals.
May contain single, double, or triple bonds, sharing one, two, or three pairs of electrons.
Are oil-like in chemical behavior. (Hydrophobic |
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Definition
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Term
| Process by which substance loses electrons ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Agents that Strip electrons away from other atoms. |
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Definition
| Oxidizing agents. I.e. Halogens, Oxygen, Chlorine (disenfectant purposes). |
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Term
| Substance gains electrons by reducing the charge on a substance |
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Definition
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Term
| A substance provides the loss of electrons, or donates the electrons to the substance being reduced. |
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Definition
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Term
| Presence of solute molecules in the solution interferes with the normal boiling (or freezing) point of the solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| a heterogeneous mixture of dissolved particles that are so large that they settle out at the bottom of the container over time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Considered the universal solution due to its superior dissolving ability of ionic compounds. Does not dissolve compounds with covalent bonds. Anything dissolved in it is referred to as an Aqueous solution. |
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Definition
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Term
Substances that release H+ ions (or protons) into the solution.
Are corrosive and destructive to human skin and metal |
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Definition
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Term
| Strong __ completely release H+ ions in solution, or completely ionize. |
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Definition
| Acid. HCl (Hydrochloric Acid), H2S04 (Sulfuric Acid), HNO3 (Nitric Acid). |
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Term
Release OH- ions into solution, or 2) accept protons (H+) from acids.
-Are also destructive to human skin and are considered caustic.
-Molecular formula ends in ---OH. |
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Definition
Bases. Examples of a “strong” base:
NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide, or Drano)
KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) |
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Term
| Designed to measure the acidity of a solution, by measuring H3O+ or H+ concentration. Scale ranges from 0-14 |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a Logarithmic scale where each unit represents a 10X change in H+ concentration. (I.e. Richter scale) |
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Definition
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Term
Defined as solutions that resist significant changes in pH.
Usually are substances that can function both as H+ donors and H+ acceptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| The four categories of BIM found within cells and are critical to human life are: |
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Definition
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids and ATP |
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Term
| Most BIM are large, organic ___ comprised of ___ units that are assembled through a process called: ___. |
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Definition
| Polymers, monomers, Dehydration Synthesis. |
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Term
| Are the simplest organic compounds that function as a fossil fuel. Comprised of carbon and hydrogen atoms (CH). May be linear, branched, or cyclic. Most common: Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Butane C4H10 Propane C3H8 Pentane C5H12 |
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Definition
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Term
___ Group –OH – Polar, water soluble.
Molecules with this group are called “alcohols”. Example: C2H5OH - Ethanol |
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Definition
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Term
___ Group –COOH – Polar, water soluble. The Hydrogen reversibly dissociates as H+ therefore this group has acidic properties.
Molecules with this group are called ___ acids. CH3COOH (Acetic Acid) |
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Definition
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Term
___ Group –NH2– Polar, water soluble. Acts as a weak base.
(the Nitrogen can accept H+)
Organic molecules with this group attached are called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
___ Group – C = O
Polar, water soluble.
Can be involved with hydrogen bonding.
If located at the end of a molecule, the entire molecule is called an aldehyde.
If located away from the end of a molecule, the entire structure is called a ketone |
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Definition
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Term
___ Group –SH– Organic molecules containing sufhydryls are called thiols.
They help stabilize the structures of proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrocarbons with a single OH group attached in place of one of the other hydrogen atoms. The presence of the OH group suddenly gives these molecules some polarity. Therefore, it will dissolve in water and alkanes. |
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Definition
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Term
Synonyms: Saccharides (sugars)
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.Referred to as hydrates of carbon. Are produced by photosynthetic organisms from CO2, H2O, and sunlight |
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Definition
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Term
| A major source of cellular or short-term energy in animals (glucose) and structural processes (cellulose) in plants. The raw material for the synthesis of other organic compounds. |
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Definition
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Term
| CO2 + H2O =====> C6H12O6 + O2 |
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Definition
| Process of creating carbohydrates. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates Few (3 – 6) Monomers: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates, Bond formed: |
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Definition
glycosidic – either alpha (straight) or beta (slanted) orientation.
Therefore, sugars may exist as straight chains or as rings |
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Term
May be linear or ringed carbon structures, 3–7 carbons long.
Molecular formula = C6H12O6
They differ primarily in the arrangement of atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of two monomers covalently bonded together. Molecular formula = C12H22O11 The missing H2O molecule is the water released from the dehydration synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are generally linear (cellulose) or highly branched (glycogen) depending on the bond formed. Can range in length from 6 monomers to thousands of monomers long. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most abundance and diverse class of BIM. Makes up 50 – 70% of an organism’s dry weight. Their function is to provide support and structure, movement, defense, metabolism, and transport. |
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Definition
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Term
Actin, Keratin, Collagen, Myosin, Antibodies, Enzymes, Hemoglobin, Insulin
Can be a source of energy if carbohydrates and lipids are unavailable. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Protien chain of monomers: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Are called ___ because it contains an NH2 and COOH functional group. Inorganic Acids: H______
Organic Acids: R-COOH |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ also contain a variable R group which can be polar or non-polar. The composition of this group is what distinguishes one ___ from another. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___ function depends on its unique 3-D shape. It’s native conformation is dynamic, altering between several shapes. Shape is characterized by primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| The unique linear sequence of amino acid formed by peptide bonds. |
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Definition
| Primary structure of a protien. |
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Term
| The repeated folding like a curved staircase shape (alpha helix) (fibrous-collagen) or an accordion-like shape (pleated sheet) (globular-lysozyme) through hydrogen bonding. |
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Definition
| Secondary structure of a protien. |
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Term
| The irregular, complex 3-D folding of the chain due to bonding between side chains (R groups) that determine it’s final shape. Shape of the protein (enzyme) is critical to function. If a protein loses its shape, it will lose it’s function.(Critical point) |
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Definition
| Tertiary protein structure. |
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Term
| Refers to the final structure of a protein when there are two or more chains (polypeptide) in a protein, such as hemoglobin or insulin. |
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Definition
| Quaternary protein structure. |
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Term
| Four types of chemical bonds are involved in maintaining protein structure: |
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Definition
Hydrogen bonds
Salt bridges (Ionic bonds) between R groups
Disulfide bonds
Hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
| Most proteins (especially enzymes) are sensitive to changes in: |
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Definition
pH
Temperature
Salinity (salt concentration) |
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Term
| Since most proteins are sensitive to elements, proteins will __ (or unfold) which will destroy the function of the enzyme. |
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Definition
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Term
Our genetic material. Contains information for most cellular functions.
Exists in two different forms in the cell: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleic Acids ( chains of Nucleotides) |
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Term
| Nucleic Acid bond formed: |
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Definition
| phosphodiester (backbone) + hydrogen (both strands). |
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Term
Composed of three units:
Phosphate group (PO4),Nitrogenous Base
Purines (double ringed)Pyrimidines (single ringed)Pentose sugar: Ribose (C5H10O5)Deoxyribose (C5H10O4)Missing one Oxygen molecule, hence Deoxy |
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Definition
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Term
| Bases serve as the ladder to the other chains. Bases bond to other chains as a single-ringed base to a double-ringed base. NEVER double – double or single – single. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ Bases (double ringed)– Adenine and Guanine. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ Bases (single ring) – Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil. |
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Definition
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Term
| The four categories of BIM found within cells and are critical to human life are: |
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Definition
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids and ATP |
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Term
| Lipids Generally are non-polarand H2O insoluble. Functions include: |
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Definition
Serves as a long-term energy source for cells. Serves as signaling molecules, hormones. Main component of bile salts.
An important component of the cell membrane. Prevents heat loss(insulation).Cushions the major organs from damage. |
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Term
Lipids
Consists of three major categories: |
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Definition
Neutral fats (Triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Steroids |
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Term
| ___ Are produced from three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule. |
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Definition
Triglycerides.
RCOOH, RCOOH, RCOOH + C3H5(OH)3 =====> Neutral Fat
Fats (butter) are solids at room temperature, and oils are liquids at room temperature (corn oil).
Important parameter of human health.
It is typically measured along with cholesterol. |
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Term
| One or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain (R). Considered “Good” fat because it is easier to metabolize. |
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Definition
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Term
| Single bonds ONLY in the fatty acid chain (R). Sticky fat and is harder to metabolize. Not a “good” fat. |
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Definition
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Term
| Contain more than one double bond in the fatty acid chain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Contain ONLY one double bond in the fatty acid chains. |
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Definition
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Term
Important component of cell membranes.
Are composed of two fatty acids, one phosphate group, and the glycerol molecule. The PO4 group imparts some polarity to the molecule so it possesses a polar and a non-polar area. |
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Definition
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Term
Function as hormones and other signaling molecules that influence metabolism of cells of target organs.
Have a different structure than other lipids: Contain four carbon ring structures with various functional groups attached |
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Definition
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Term
| The most immediate fuel source for all cells.Contains high-energy PO4 bonds which release a lot of energy when broken. |
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Definition
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