Term
In terms of the hierarchical organization of life, a bacterium is at the ______ level of organization, whereas the human is at the _____ level of organization.
-Single-celled organism; multicellular organism
-Single organelle; organism
-Single tissue; multicellular organism |
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Definition
| Single-celled organism; multicellular organism |
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Term
Which one of the following properties or process do we associate with living things?
-Evolutionary adaptations
-Energy processing
-Responding to the environment
-Growth and reproduction
-All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
For most ecosystems ____ is (are) the ultimate source of energy, and energy leaves the ecosystem in the form of ____.
-Heat; light
-Plants; animals
-Sunlight; heat |
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Definition
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Term
The lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the activities required for life is the
-Organelle
-Cell
-Organism |
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Definition
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Term
Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?
-The structure of the nucleus
- The ubiquitous use of catalysts by living systems
-The universality of the genetic code |
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Definition
| The universality of the genetic code |
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Term
Which of the following is (are) true of natural selection?
- Requires genetic variation
- Results in descent with modification
- Involves differential reproductive success
- All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification which stated that organisms of a particular species are adapted to their environment when they possess
- Inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment
- Non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival in the local environment
- Non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment |
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Definition
| Inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment |
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Term
All of the following are part of Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection EXCEPT
-Most individuals in a species do not survive to reproduce
- Characteristics of organisms are inherited as genes on chromosomes
- Better adapted members of a species will survive and produce more successfully |
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Definition
| Characteristics of organisms are inherited as genes on chromosomes |
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Term
Which of these individuals is most likely to be successful in an evolutionary sense?
- An organism that lives 100 years and leaves 2 offspring, both of whom survive to reproduce
- A male who mates with 20 females and fathers 1 offspring
- An organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce |
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Definition
| An organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce |
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Term
Evolution is biology's core theme that ties together all the other themes. This is because evolution explains
-The unity and diversity of life
-Why distantly related organisms sometimes resemble each other
- Why some organisms have traits in common
- All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The method of scientific inquiry that describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data is known as
- Experimental science
- Discovery science
- Hypothesis-based science |
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Definition
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Term
What is a hypothesis?
- The same thing as an unproven theory
- A verifiable observation
- A tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable |
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Definition
| A tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable |
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Term
A controlled experiment is one in which
- There is one group for which the scientist controls all variables
- The experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate
- There are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment |
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Definition
| There are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment |
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Term
The application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose is known as
- Technology
- Inductive science
- Pure science |
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Definition
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Term
Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances, was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of
-The fossil record
-Uniformitarianism
-The origin of new species |
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Definition
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Term
What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?
-Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging
- Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change
- Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging |
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Definition
| Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging |
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Term
Which of these naturalists synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?
-Charles Lyell
-Alfred Wallace
-John Henslow |
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Definition
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Term
Charles Darwin was the first person to propose
-That evolution occurs
-A mechanism for how evolution occurs
-A mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence |
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Definition
| A mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence |
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Term
Natural selection is based on all of the following EXCEPT
-Genetic variation exists within populations
-The best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring
-Individuals adapt to their environments and therefore evolve |
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Definition
| Individuals adapt to their environments and therefore evolve |
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Term
Which statement about natural is selection is MOST correct?
-Adaptations beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial during all other times as well
-Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, thus contribute more to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals
-Natural selection is the sole means by which populations can evolve |
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Definition
| Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, thus contribute more to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals |
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Term
Which of the following statements is an inference of natural selection?
-Subsequent generations of a population should have greater proportions of individuals of individuals that possess traits better suited for success in unchanging environments
-Natural populations tend to reproduce to their full biological potential
-Some of the variation that exists among individuals in a population is genetic |
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Definition
| Subsequent generations of a population should have greater proportions of individuals of individuals that possess traits better suited for success in unchanging environments |
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Term
Which of Darwin's ideas had the strongest connection to Malthus' essay on human population grown?
-Descent with modification
-Variation among individuals in a population
-Struggle for existence |
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Definition
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Term
Which statement best describes the evolution of pesticide resistance in a population of insects?
-Individual members of the population slowly adapt to the presence of the chemical by striving to meet the new challenge
-Insects observe the behavior of other insects that survive pesticide application and adjust
-Offspring of insects that are genetically resistant to the pesticide become more abundant as the susceptible insects die off |
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Definition
| Offspring of insects that are genetically resistant to the pesticide become more abundant as the susceptible insects die off |
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Term
Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bird?
-Dorsal fin of shark
-Wing of a butterfly
-Flipper of a whale |
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Definition
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Term
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?
-By identifying the bones as being homologous
-By the principle of convergent evolution
-By proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor
-A&C
-A,B,&C
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Definition
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Term
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that
-Island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors
-Common environments are inhabited by the same organisms
-The island forms and mainland forms are converging |
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Definition
| Island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors |
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Term
The theory of evolution is most accurately described as
-An opinion that some scientists hold about how living things change over time
-An overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change over time
-An idea about how acquired characteristics are passed on to subsequent generations |
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Definition
| An overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change over time |
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Term
The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
-A covalent bond
-A hydrogen bind
-An ionic bond |
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Definition
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Term
What causes the cohesiveness of water molecules?
-Hydrophobic interactions
-Ionic Bonds
-Hydrogen bonds |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements correctly defines a kilocalorie?
-The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of of 1 g of water by 1*C
-The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of of 1 kg of water by 1*F
-The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of of 1 kg of water by 1*C |
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Definition
| The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of of 1 kg of water by 1*C |
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Term
Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?
-Ionic bond
-Hydrogen bond
-Covalent bond |
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Definition
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Term
Why does ice float in liquid water?
-Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat
-Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water
-The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the molecules of liquid water |
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Term
Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are
-Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
-Nonpolar substances that have an attraction to water molecules
-Polar substances that repel water molecules |
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Definition
| Nonpolar substances that that repel water molecules |
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Term
One mol of a substance is
-6.02 x 10^23 molecules of a substance
-The largest amount of a substance that can be dissolved in 1 L of solution
-Both |
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Definition
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Term
The molecular weight of water is 18 daltons. What is the molarity of water in 1 liter of pure water?
-55.6M
-18M
-37M |
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Definition
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Term
A solution contains 0.0001 moles of hydrogen ions per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution?
-Basic: H+ acceptor
-Acidic: H+ donor
-Basic: H+ donor |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions?
-Gastric juice at pH 2
-Tomato juice at pH 4
-Household bleach at pH 12 |
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Definition
Gastric juice at pH 2
(lowest pH has highest H+) |
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Term
Which of the following statements is TRUE about buffer solutions?
-They maintain a constant pH of exactly 7 in all living cells and biological fluids
-They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them
-They are found only in living systems and biological fluids |
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Definition
| They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them |
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Term
Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by
-Donating H+ to a solution where they have been depleted
-Accepting H+ when they are in excess
-Both |
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Definition
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Term
Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 4.0. What is the hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of this lake?
-1x10^-4
-4.0
-both |
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Definition
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Term
What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers?
-Hydrolysis
-Dehydration reactions
-Ionic bonding of monomers |
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Definition
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Term
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
-Monosaccharide
-Disaccharide
-Polysaccharide |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are true except
-They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids
-They are generally solid at room temperature
-They contain more hydrogen ions than unsaturated fats having the same number of carbons |
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Definition
| They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids |
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Term
What is a triacylglycerol?
-A lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol
-A lipid that makes up much of the cell membrane
-A carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by glycosidic linkages |
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Definition
| A lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results from which of the following?
-Fats with trans double bonds
-An increase in contribution to heart disease
-The oil (fat) being solid at room temperature
-All |
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Definition
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Term
There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?
-Different amino groups attached to an a-carbon
-Different side chains (R groups) attached to an a-carbon
-Different asymmetric carbons |
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Definition
| Different side chains (R groups) |
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Term
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
-Peptide bonds
-Hydrogen bonds
-Disulphide bonds
-All |
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Definition
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Term
Which type of interaction stabilizes the A-helix and B-pleated sheet structures of proteins?
-Nonpolar covalent bonds
-Ionic bonds
-Hydrogen bonds |
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Definition
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Term
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
-Bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds
-Order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain
-Unique 3-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide |
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Definition
| Unique 3-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide |
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Term
At which level of protein structure is interactions between the R groups MOST important?
-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
-Quaternary
-All |
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Definition
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Term
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
-Bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds
-Order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain
-Unique 3-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide |
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Definition
| Unique 3-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide |
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Term
At which level of protein structure is interactions between the R groups MOST important?
-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
-Quaternary
-All |
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Definition
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Term
What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?
-Tertiary protein
-Chaperone
-Enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells?
-DNA to RNA to proteins
-RNA to proteins to DNA
-Proteins to DNA to RNA |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
-A nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar
-A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
-A phosphate group and an adenine or uracil |
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Definition
| A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar |
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Term
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type?
-Cytosine and guanine
-Guanine and adenine
-Adenine and thymine |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA?
-DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid
-DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar that RNA nucleotides
-RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single stranded |
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Definition
| DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar that RNA nucleotides |
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Term
Cytosine pairs with
-Adenine
-Thymine
-Guanine |
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Definition
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Term
Enzymes are
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins |
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Definition
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