Term
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) |
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Definition
| nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP |
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Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| nucleotide with three phosphate groups. the breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy[requiring processes in cells. |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms. |
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Definition
| nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. |
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| molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in solution and to lower its pH numerically. |
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| muscle protein filament in sarcomere; its movement shortens the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction. actin filaments play a role in the movement of cell and its organelles. |
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| use of plasma membrane carrier protein to move a molecule or ion from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; it opposes equilibrium and requires energy. |
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| organism's modification in structure, function, or behavior suitable that better suits the environment |
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| portion of ATP and ADP that is composed of the base a adenine and the sugar ribose |
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| junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to buttonlike thickenings. |
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| organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules |
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| multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote characterized by the presence of muscular and nervous tissue and undergoing development to achieve its final form. |
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| channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane. |
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| smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element. |
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| average of atom mass unites for the isotopes of an atom |
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| number of protons within the nucleus of an atom |
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| one or two letters that represent the name of an element |
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| a rod-shaped bacterium; also a genus of bacteria |
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| a cytoplasmic structure that is located at the base of-and may organize-cilia or flagella |
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| molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the pH numerically. |
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| scientific name of an organism, the first part of which designates the genus and the second part of which designates the specific epithet. |
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| total number of species, the variability of their genes, and the communities in which they live |
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| organic molecule (macromolecule as a protein or nucleic acid) living in organisms |
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| zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the earth in which living organisms are found |
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| substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity. |
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| movement of elements in an organism in large amount |
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| amount of heat energy required to raise the temperate of one gram of water one degree celsius |
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| gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of blue-green algae and certain bacteria |
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| class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
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| protein that combines with and transports a molecule or ion across the plasma membrane |
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| smallest unit that displays the porperties of life; composed or organelle-containing cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane |
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| in a prokaryotic cell, the portion composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx |
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| glycoprotein that helps the body defend itself against pathogens |
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| one of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells. |
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| structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity |
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| polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls |
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| in a plant cell, a large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites. during growth, it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand and the cell surface-area-volume ratio to increase. |
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| cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division. |
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| central microtubule organizing center of cells. in animal cells, it contains two centrioles. |
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| protein that forms a channel to allow a particular molecules or ion to cross the plasma membrane |
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| molecules that interacts with a protein so that it folds into its proper shape |
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| strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi |
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| membrane-bounded organelle in algae and land plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place |
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| a steroid found in animal plasm membrane and form which other types of steroids are derived |
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| network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing. |
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| plastid in land plants responsible for orange, yellow, and red color of plants, including the autumn colors in leaves. |
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| an observable structure that results when chromatin condeses and coils, each species has a particular number of chromosomes that is passed on to the next generation. |
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| shot, hairlike projections from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in larger numbers |
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| one of the categories or subgroups used by taxonomists to group species; class within a phylim or division. |
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| a spherical shaped bacterium |
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| nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound |
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| assemblage of species interacting with one another within the same environment |
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| complementary base pairing |
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| hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines in DNA |
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| substance having two or more different elements united chemically in fixed ratio |
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| gradual change in chemical concentration between two ares of differing concentrations |
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| statement made following an experiment as to whether or not the results support the hypothesis |
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| in a bacterium, elongated, hollow, appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells |
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| in magnification with a microscope, brightness differences between objects |
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| sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment but does not contain the variable being tested; a standard against which the results of an experiment are compared |
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| chemical bond in which atoms share one pari of electrons |
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| in animal cells, shriveling of the cell due to water leaving the cell when the environment is hypertonic |
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| short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria |
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| photohynthetic bacterium that contains chlorophyll and releases oxygen; formerly called a blue-green algae |
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| internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments |
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| contents of a cell between the nucleus region of bacteria and the plasm membrane |
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| facts of information collected through observation and/or experimentation |
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| process of logic and reasoning, using "if...then" statements |
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| chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule |
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| loss of an enzyme's normal shape so that is no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature |
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| pentose sugar found in DNA |
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| intercellular junction that connects cytoskeletons of adjacent cells |
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| ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell, allowing some to pass through and preventing the passage of others. |
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| movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and tends to lend to an equal distribution |
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| sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide |
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| largest of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
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| one of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that often live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics; its members are sometimes referred to as archaea |
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| one of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that differe from archaea becuase they have their own unique genetic, biochemical and physiological characteristics |
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| one of the three domains of life, consisting of organisms with eukaryotic cells; includes protists, fungi, plants, or animals |
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| biological community together with the associated abiotic environment; characterized by a flow of energy and a cycling of inorganic nutrients. |
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| negative subatomic particle, moving about in an energy level around the nucleus |
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| concentric energy levels in which electrons orbit |
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| the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond |
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| substance that connot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one atom type |
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| quality that appears as biological complexity increases |
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| process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking); includes receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
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| cellular system that consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and vesicles |
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| system of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes |
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| explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes |
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| capacity to do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms |
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| type of cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain eukarya |
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| conversion of a liquid or a solid into a gas |
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| descent of organisms from common ancestors with the developement of genetic and phenotypic changes over time that make them more suited to the environment |
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| artificial situation devised to test a hypothesis |
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| methodology by which an experiment will seek to support the hypothesis |
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| factor of the experiment being tested |
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| total disappearance of a species or higher group |
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| nonliving substance in which animal cells are imbedded; is composed of protein and polysaccharides |
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| passive transfer of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient by a process that requires a carrier |
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| one of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species, the taxon above the genus level |
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| organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue of vertebrates |
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| surface-area-to-volume-ratio |
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