Term
|
Definition
| A hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that stimulates the kidney to conserve salt and water and promotes retention of sodium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small molecule, produced by the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids, that is very toxic to cells. Is a strong base that gains a proton to form the ammonium ion (NH4+). |
|
|
Term
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
| A peptide hormone, secreted from the posterior pituitary gland, that stimulates water retention by the kidney. Also called vasopressin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A carrier protein that allows an ion to diffuse down an electrochemical gradient, using the energy of that process to transport a different substance in the opposite direction against its concentration gradient. Compare with symporter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of channel protein through which water can move by osmosis across a plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mammalian organ that holds urine until it can be excreted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hollow, double-walled cup-shaped portion of a nephron that surrounds a glomerulus in the vertebrate kidney. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The female reproductive organ in a flower. Consists of the stigma, to which pollen grains adhere; the style, through which pollen grains move; and the ovary, which houses the ovule. Compare with stamen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heterozygous individual carrying a normal allele and a recessive allele for an inherited trait; does not display the phenotype of the trait but can pass the recessive gene to offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that forms a pore in a cell membrane. The structure of most channels allows them to admit just one or a few types of ions or molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, a large straight tube that receives filtrate from the distal tubules of several nephrons. Involved in the regulated reabsorption of water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difference across space (e.g., across a membrane) in the concentration of a dissolved substance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In plants, a layer of ground tissue found outside the vascular bundles and pith of a plant stem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transmembrane protein that facilitates diffusion of an ion down its previously established electrochemical gradient and uses the energy of that process to transport some other substance, in the same or opposite direction, against its concentration gradient. See antiporter and symporter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protective coating secreted by the outermost layer of cells of an animal or a plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A human disease caused by defects in the kidney's system for conserving water. Characterized by production of large amounts of dilute urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spontaneous movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration (i.e., down a concentration gradient). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, the convoluted portion of a nephron into which filtrate moves from the loop of Henle. Involved in the regulated reabsorption of sodium and water. Compare with proximal tubule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. In nutrition, refers to the major ions necessary for normal cell function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of a substance across a plasma membrane down its concentration gradient with the assistance of transmembrane carrier proteins or channel proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any fluid produced by filtration, in particular the fluid (pre-urine) in the nephrons of vertebrate kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process of removing large components from a fluid by forcing it through a filter. Occurs in a renal corpuscle of the vertebrate kidney, allowing water and small solutes to pass from the blood into the nephron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, a ball-like cluster of capillaries, surrounded by Bowman's capsule, at the beginning of a nephron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The circulatory fluid of animals with open circulatory systems (e.g., insects) in which the fluid is not confined to blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any of numerous different signaling molecules that circulate throughout the body in blood or other body fluids and can trigger characteristic responses in distant target cells at very low concentrations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comparative term designating a solution that has a lower solute concentration, and therefore a higher water concentration, than another solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comparative term designating a solution that has a greater solute concentration, and therefore a lower water concentration, than another solution. Compare with hypotonic and isotonic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comparative term designating a solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration than another solution. Compare with hypertonic and hypotonic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In terrestrial vertebrates, one of a paired organ situated at the back of the abdominal cavity that filters the blood, produces urine, and secretes several hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, a long U-shaped loop in a nephron that extends into the medulla. Functions as a countercurrent exchanger to set up an osmotic gradient that allows reabsorption of water from a subsequent portion of the nephron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major excretory organ of insects, consisting of blind-ended tubes that extend from the gut into the hemocoel. Filter hemolymph to form pre-urine and then send it to the hindgut for further processing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The innermost part of an organ (e.g., kidney or adrenal gland). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny protrusions from the surface of an epithelial cell that increase the surface area for absorption of substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the tiny tubes within the vertebrate kidney that filter blood and concentrate salts to produce urine. Also called renal tubule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An animal that does not actively regulate the osmolarity of its tissues but conforms to the osmolarity of the surrounding environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An animal that actively regulates the osmolarity of its tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The concentration of dissolved substances in a solution, measured in moles per liter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a living organism controls the concentration of water and salts in its body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant toxin that poisons the sodium-potassium pumps of animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of a substance across a plasma membrane or organelle membrane. When this occurs with the assistance of membrane proteins, it is called facilitated diffusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, the convoluted section of a nephron into which filtrate moves from Bowman's capsule. Involved in the largely unregulated reabsorption of electrolytes, nutrients, and water. Compare with distal tubule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A salt-excreting gland in the digestive system of sharks, skates, and rays. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, the ball-like structure at the beginning of a nephron, consisting of a glomerulus and the surrounding Bowman's capsule. Acts as a filtration device. |
|
|
Term
| secondary active transport |
|
Definition
| Transport of an ion or molecule against its electrochemical gradient, in company with an ion or molecule being transported with its electrochemical gradient. Also called cotransport. |
|
|
Term
| selectively permeable membrane |
|
Definition
| Any membrane across which some solutes can move more readily than others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transmembrane protein that uses the energy of ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions in. Also called Na+/K+-ATPase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any substance that is dissolved in a liquid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A carrier protein that allows an ion to diffuse down an electrochemical gradient, using the energy of that process to transport a different substance in the same direction against its concentration gradient. Compare withantiporter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) In insects, one of the small air-filled tubes that extend throughout the body and function in gas exchange. (2) In terrestrial vertebrates, the airway connecting the larynx to the bronchi. Also called windpipe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In vertebrates, a tube that transports urine from one kidney to the bladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside environment. In male vertebrates, also used for passage of sperm during ejaculation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A whitish excretory product of birds, reptiles, and terrestrial arthropods. Used to remove from the body excess nitrogen derived from the breakdown of amino acids. Compare with urea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, a network of blood vessels that runs alongside the loop of Henle of a nephron. Functions in reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate. |
|
|
