Giardia

Causes "backpacker's diarrhea"

Clade Excavates

Lack mitochondria

2 haploid nuclei

possible link b/w prokaryotes & eukaryotes

Staphylococcus

Cluster grouping

Streptobacillus

Chain grouping

Oscillatoria

Cyanobacteria

Move by oscillation

Reproduce by fragmentation

Anabaena

Cyanobacteria

Heterocysts

Important for nitrogen fixation

Gloeocapsa

Cyanobacteria

Occur singly or in groups of up to 8 individuals

Nostoc

Cyanobacteria

Made of filaments or round cells

Can form gelatinous balls with hundreds of filaments

Trichonympha

Clade Excavates

Live symbiotically in guts of termites

Rely on endosymbiotic bacteria to digest cellulose

Euglena

Clade Discicristates

Zooflagellates

Disk-shaped cristae

Can only reproduce by mitosis

Autotrophic when light is available

Heterotrophic when light is not available

Found in fresh water

Pellicle & Flagella (anterior)

Trypanosomes

Clade Discicristates

Parasitic

Ex. African sleeping sickness - Tsetse fly bit

Seen in blood 

Paramecium

Clade Alveolates

Cilia for locomotion

Freswater

Heterotrophic; Feed on decay

Micronuclei & Macronuclei

Reproduce by conjugation

Clade Alveolates

Found in fresh and salt water

Two flagella

Photosynthetic

Zooxanthellae

Some cause red tides

Clade Alveolates

Entirely parasitic

Ex. Malaria

*know life cycle of Plasmodium

Diatoms

Clade Heterokonts

Mostly unicellular

Two silica shells fit together

Fossil records

Brown Algae

Clade Heterokonts

Ex. kelp

Specialized blades, stipes, holdfasts

Source for algin

Chlamydomonas

Clade Plants

Solitary

Spirogyra

Clade Plants

Long filaments

2 cholorplasts spiralling in opposite directions

Volvox

Clade Plants

Colonial

Foraminifera

Clade Cercozoa

Abeoba-like

Enclosed by carbonate shell

Aboeba

Clade Amoebozoa

Single-celled

Pseudopodia

Choanoflagellates

Clade Opisthokonts

Single posterior flagellum

Free-living marine

Collar caputures debris/food

Rhizopus

Kingdom Fungi

Zygomycetes

Coenocytic hyphae-multinucleate

Zygospore

Bread mold

Pezziza

Kingdom Fungi

Ascomycetes

Multicellular

Ascospores/asci/ascocarp

Kingdom Fungi

Ex. mushroom

Basiciocarp/basidia/basidiospore

Dikaryotic hypha - two haploid nuclei

Moss Capsule

Nonvascular seedless plants

Sporophyte grows out of female gametophyte

Moss archegonium

female gametophyte

Moss antheridium

Male gametophyte

Fern prothallus

Seedless vascular plant

Prothallus = gametophyte

Fern spore

Haploid

Male pine cone cross section

Gymnosperm

Sporophylls -->Microsporangia-->Microspore

-->male gametophyte (pollen)

Female pine cone cross section

Gymnosperm

Megasporangia (ovules) -->Megasporocytes --> Megaspores--> female gametophyte

Pine cone pollen

Gymnosperm

Microgametophyte

Phyla Bryophyta: mosses

Phyla Hapatophyta: liverworts

Phyla Anthocerophyta: hornworts

Phyla Psilotophyta: whisk fern

Phyla Lycophyta: Lycopodium

Phyla Sphenophyta: horsetails

Phyla Pterophyta: ferns

Class Monocotyledones: monocots

Class Eudicotyledones: the dicots/eudicots

Different types of seed dispersal

Wind: maple, dandelion, poppy

Animals: cocklebur, beggartick, blueberries

Water: coconut

Forcible discharge: impatients

plumule: embryonic shoot

radicle: embryonic root

seed coat

triploid endosperm

coleoptile: sheat of protective cells that protect the growing stem

Monocot: single cotyledon

Ex. corn, wheat, rice, sugar cane

Dicot: two cotyledons

Ex. tomatoes, potatoes, spinach, lettuce, broccoli, fruits, beans

Primary and lateral roots

Generally live in sometimes moist soils

Roots provide anchor for plant

Comprised of the stems and leaves

Stem holds up the leaves

Leaves provide surface eposed to sun for photosynthesis

Xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

Phloem: conducts the products of photosynthesis to the stems and the roots

Fibrous root

Ex. grasses

Modified taproot

Ex. carrots

Way to store energy

Ex. corn

Specialized for holding a plant up

very small extensions of the main root

modifications of the epidermis

Bulk of the root

Area that fills all the but the center of the root

Comprised of thin-celled walls with lots of intracellular spaces

Functions in starch storage

Intracellular spaces: allow for uptake of tight-fitting layer of cells

Center of the root

AKA vascular cylinder

Dicot root

"X" : xylem

Surrounding: phloem

Larger surrounding: cortex

Monocot root

large white circles: xylem

smaller white circles in between: phloem

center: pith

outer ring: cortex

Corm (Crocus) stem

Monocot stem

Large white circle: Xylem

Large patterned circle: Phloem

Dicot stem

Larger white circle: xylem

Middle striations: phloem

bulk of inner portion of the stem

ground tissue system

comprised of large, thin-walled cells

Outer third of cross section of dicot stem

Type of tissue between xylem and phloem

One of tissues critical for secondary growth

Growth of xylem causes the increase in the girth of a plant and is seen only in some dicots (trees)

woody dicots: wood & bark

herbaceous dicots: no wood and bark

Monocot leaf

Ex. Corn (zea)

circles: vascular bundles (veins)

surrounding tissue: mesophyll

Dicot leaf

Ex. Sunflower (helianthus)

darker part of circle: xylem

lighter part of circle: phloem

circle: vascular bundle (vein)

"alongside animals"

Ex. Porifera

"true, later animals"

animals with radial symmetry

Ex. Phylum Cnidaria

Diploblastic: endoderm and ectoderm

Digestive system has one opening

Animals with bilateral symmetry

Most of rest of animal kingdom

Cephalization: development of head region

Triploblastic: three distinct germ layers

Digestive system has two opening: mouth and anus

fluid-filled body cavity

(1) acoelomate - no coelom; generally small

(2) pseudocoelom - body cavity not lined with mesoderm

(3) true coelom - body cavity lined with mesoderm 

Based on lophophorates and those with trochozoa larvae

Protostome

Ex. Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida

Comprised of animals that go through ecdysis, or the molting process

Protostome

Ex. Nematoda, Arthropoda

Ex. Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca

blastopore --> mouth

determinate, spiral cleavage

mesoderm --> mass of cells near blastopore

schizocoely

Ex. Echinodermata, Chordata

blastopore --> anus

indeterminate, radial cleavage

mesoderm --> cells pinch off of archenteron

enterocoely

Phylum Porifera

Mo tissues, no real symmetry, not very mobile

choanocyte: collar cells

spicules: silica or calcium carbonate

Phylum Porifera

Grantia

Phlum Cnidaria

Polyp

Radiata

Phylum Cnidaria

Medusa

Radiata

Planaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes

(flatworms)

aceolomate

Planaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes

(flatworms)

aceolomate

Tapeworms

Phylum Platyhelminthes

parasitic

acoelomate

Phylum Annelida

Tube-within-a-tube digestive system

closed circulatory system

segmentation

Phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda

ex. snail

Phylum Mollusca

Class Cephalopoda

Ex. Squid

Phylum Mollusca

Class Bivalvia

Ex. clam

Phylum Nematoda

AKA Roundworms

Pseudocoelem

Parasites

Female

Phylum Nematoda

male

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Crustacea

Scavengers

males: larger modified swimmerets 1 & 2

females: female genital opening

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Asteroidea

Ex. sea star

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Holothuroidea

Ex. sea cucumbers

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Echinoidea

sand dollar

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Echinoidea

Sea Urchin

Phylum Chordata

Subphyla Cephalochordata

Ex. Lancelet/Amphioxus