Term
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Definition
| Maintaining nearly constant body temp over a wide range of environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic hormone that facilitates the entry of glucose into the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone released by the duodenum in response to food disention |
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Term
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Definition
| The mechanism that keeps many chemicals out of the brain |
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Term
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| Area of the hypothalamus located just above the optic chiasm that constitutes the biological clock |
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Term
| Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN) |
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Definition
| Part of the medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus larger in males than in females and linked to male sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothamalic area with oneset of neurons sensitive to hunger signals and another sensitive to satiety signals |
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Term
| Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) |
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Definition
| Area of the hypothalamus in which activity tends to limit meal size and damage lead to excessively large meals |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of hypothalamus that is important for the control of eating and drinking |
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Term
| Preoptic Area/ Anterior Hypothalamus (POA/AH) |
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Definition
| Brain area important for temperature control |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-lasting effect of a hormone that is present during a sensitive period early in development |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporary effect of a hormone on behavior or anatomy, occuring only while the hormone is present |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ACTH (Adrenocorticotrphic Hormone) |
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Definition
| Hormone that stimulates the human adrenal cortex to release cortisol and the rad adrenal gland to release corticosterone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Antidiuretic Hormone - Pituitary hormone that raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water and therefore to secrete highly concentrated urine |
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Term
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Definition
| Has to do with idefferent types of thirst |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves that convey messages from teh sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to muscles and glands |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous system |
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Definition
| Network of nerves that prepare the body's organs for vigerous activity |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| System of nerves that facilitate vegitiative, nonemergency responses by the body's organs |
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Term
| Craniosacral nervous system |
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Definition
| See Parasympathetic Nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage impairs the sense of taste and the ability to recognize disgust |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty idantifying fear |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of antianxiety drugs that facilitates transmission at GABA synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells and thereby increases wakefulness and arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical representations of what has been learned |
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Term
| Lateral Interpositus nucleus |
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Definition
| nucleus of the cerebellum that is critical for classical conditioning of the eye-blink response |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleus midbrain structure whose axons join the lateral corticospinal tract, mainly responsible fro control of arm muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory for events that happened after brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory fore vents that occurred before brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Influence of recent experiences on memory, even if one does not recognize that influence or realize that one is using memory at all |
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Term
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Definition
| Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory, detectable by direct testing such as asking a person to describe a past event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptide released by fat cells; tends to decrease eating, partly by inhibiting release of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical released by stomach during food deprivation; also released as a neurotransmitter in the brain, where it stimulates eating |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon that after one or more axons bombard a dendrite with a rapid series of stimuli, the synapses between those axons and dendrite become more sensitive for minutes, days, or weeks |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplaisia (CAH) |
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Definition
| Overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from birth |
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Term
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Definition
| proposal that an event first provokes autonomic and skeletal responses and that emotion is the perception of those responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that benefits someone other than the individual engaging in the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Short outgrowth along the dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical necessary for the metabolism of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference in positive and negative changes across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference in distribution of ions across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| level of depolarization at which a breif stimulation triggers a rapid, massive electrical change by the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical potential across a membrane when a neuron is not being stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| increased polarization across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief period following an action potential, when the cell resists the production of further action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle stating that the size, amplitude, and velocity of the action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it |
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Term
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Definition
| synaptic effect that depends on the rapid opening of some kind of gate in the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| effect at a synapse that produces a relatively slow but long-lasting effect through metabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal |
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Term
| Peptide neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters released from points other thn the tip of the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| Located toward the midline, away from the side |
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Term
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Definition
| located toward the side, away from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| located on teh same side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| located on the opposite side of teh body |
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Term
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Definition
| most posterior part of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| Method of mapping activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| Method of imaging a living brain by using a magnetic field and a radio frequency field to make atoms with odd atomic weights that rogate in the same direction and then removing those fields and measuring the energy that the atoms release |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| Modified version of MRI that measures enegies released by hemoglobin molecules in an MRI scan, and then determines the brain areas recieving the greatest supply of blood and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Most anterior part of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and other structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Scientist who first convincingly demonstrated that the brainis composed of separate cells (neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientist who first inferred the existence of synapses and their major properties |
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Term
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Definition
| Question of how the visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain influnece one another to produce a combinded perception of a single object |
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Term
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Definition
| Point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| Point at which parts of the optic nerve cross from one side of the brain to the other |
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Term
| Young-Helmholtz (Trichromatic) Theory |
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Definition
| Theory that we perceive color through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, which each maximally sensitive to |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept that when infromation furom various parts of the retina reaches the cortex, the cortex compares each of the inputs to determine the color perception in each area |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of visual cortex cell that has fixed excitory and inhibitory zones in its receptive field |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell type of the visual cortex that responds best to a light stimulus of a particular shape anywhere in its receptive field; its receptive field cannot be mapped into fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of neuron in the retina that receives input directly from the receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the visual field to shich any one neuron responds |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of other members of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron whose responses indicate the presence of a particular feature |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of the frontal cortex, just anterior to the pituitray motor cortex active during the planning of a movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly convoluted structure in the hindbrain interferes with rapid movements that require timing |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron type in the cerebellum; a very flat cell in a plane perpendicular to that of other purkinje cells |
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Term
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| Area of the hypothalamus, located just above the optic chiasm, that constituents the biological clock |
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Term
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Definition
| Midbrain area that gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Subcortical structure one part of the basal ganglia |
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Term
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Definition
| Device that measures the brain's electrical activity through electrodes on the scalp |
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Term
| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep |
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Definition
| sleep stage with rapid eye movements, high brain activity, and relaxation of large muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells and thereby increases wakefulness and arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to breathe while sleeping |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden periods of sleepiness during the day |
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Term
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Definition
| self destruction of a developing neuron which has failed to form synapses onto any other neuron, or fails to recieve adequate input. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of cell that recieves input from receptors and delivers inhibitory input to bipolar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| type of neuron in the retina that receives input directly from the receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| type of neuron in the retina that receives input from the bipolar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuing sensation of an amputated body part due to axons from other body parts form branches that occupy the vacated synapses |
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