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| things in the environment, an electromagnetic energy of a specific stimuli. |
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| biological factors that detect stimulus. |
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| the message produced by the receptor cell |
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| Law of specific nerve energies (activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same kind of information to the brain) |
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| Receptor - bipolar & horizontal cells - amacrine & ganglion cells - ganglion cells loop together - exit the eye - form optic nerve |
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respond to faint light but are not useful in bright light (bright light bleaches the rods)
rhodopsin |
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less active when it's dim, bright light they are helpful, responsible for color vision.
3 different opsins |
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| release energy when struck by light 11-cis-retinal bound to proteins. (opsins) |
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| 11-cis-retinal -- all-trans-retinal -- second messengers activated |
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| Trichromatic Theory (young-helmholtz theory) |
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relative rates of response across cones is the "code"
three types of cones, each maximally sensitive to different wavelength (short/blue; medium/green; long/red)
Ratio of activity across three types of cones determines the preceived color |
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| Opponent-process theory of color vision |
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Brain perceives color on red-green continuum, yellow-blue continuum, black-white continuum.
Proposed mechanism : excitation/inhibition of bipolar cells |
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proposed to explain color constancy
retina and cortex are involved in color perception
higher-order processing
retinex theory demon |
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Light strikes R6-R10 (excitation of b6-b10)
Excitation of H cell which inhibits b6-b10
Inhibitory effect of H decays over distance so b6-10 receive less inhibition from H then b7-9 so net activity of b 6 and b10 is greater than b7-9
b5 and b 11 inhibited by h so no excitation, so activity of b5 and b11 is less than b4 and b12 |
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The receptive field of a receptor is simply the area of the visual field from which light strikes that receptor. For any other cell in the visual system, the receptive field is determined by which receptors connect to the cell in question.
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