Term
Ch1-1
Key Terms- Define:
Alleles
Biopsychology
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Dominant
Dualism
Embryo
Empiricism |
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Definition
Definition:
•Alternate/different versions of a gene.
• Studying the relationship between behaviour & the body, particularly the brain.
•Double-stranded chain of chemical molecules. Ladder-like and twisted. Genes are composed of DNA. Creates RNA which produces proteins.
•A gene that will produce it's effects no matter which others it is paired with. More than one dominant creates blending.
•Idea that the mind & brain are separate.
•Organism in early prenatal period. (Humans = first 8 weeks.)
•Procedure: obtaining information through observation. |
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Term
Ch1-2
Key Terms- Define:
Equipotentiality
Fetus
Gene
Genome
Genotype
Heterozygous
Homozygous |
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Definition
Definition:
•Idea that the brain funtions as a whole; opposite of localization.
•Organism after early prenatal period. (Humans = after 8 weeks)
•Directs cellular processes & transmits inherited characteristics.
•Entire collection of genes in a species' chromosomes.
•Combination of a set of genes an individual has.
•Genes for a specific characteristic that are different from eachother.
•Genes for a specific characteristic that are the same as eachother.
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Term
Ch1-3
Key Terms- Define:
Human Genome Project
Localization
Materialistic Monism
Mind-Brain Problem
Model
Monism
Zygote |
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Definition
Definition:
•Global goal of mapping the locations of all the genes on the human chromosomes & determining the base sequences of the genes.
•Idea that specific parts of the brain carry out specific fundtions.
•Idea that body, mind & everything else are physical.
•What the mind is and it's relation to the brain.
•proposed mechanism of how something works.
•Idea that the mind & body consist of same substance.
•Ones with genes of speed, intelligence & health are more likely to survive & reproduce.
•A fertalized egg. |
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Term
Ch1-4
Key Terms- Define:
Nature vs Nurture
Phenotype
Phrenology
Polygenic
Recessive
Vulnerability
X-Linked |
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Definition
Definition:
•Study of the nervous system & it's role in behaviour.
•Prominent characteristic of an individual.
•Idea that faculties of emotion and intellect are located in specific parts of the brain. And assessed by bumps on skull.
•Determined by several genes rather than a single gene.
•A gene that has an influence only if it is paired with the same recessice gene.
•Genes produce susceptability to a disorder; Environmental influences may combine with an individuals susceptiability to exceed the threshold for producing the disorder.
•X gene is not paired with one on a Y, allowing a single recessive to be prominant. |
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Term
Ch2-1
Key Terms - Define:
Absolute Refractory Period
Action Potential
Agonist
All-Or-None Law
Antagonist
Autoreceptor
Axon |
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Definition
Definition:
•Moment in AP; The neuron cannot fire again because the Na channels are closed.
•Depolarization of membrane; Causes neuron to communicate over long distances.
•Substance that mimics or enhances effects of a neurotransmitter.
•Action Potential occurs at full strength or not at all.
•Substance that reduces effect of a neurotransmitter.
•Receptor on the Terminal Buttons that detects the amount of neurotransmitters in the synapse; Reduces output when it is excessive.
•Extensions from a neuron's soma that carries information to other locations.
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Term
Ch2-2
Key Terms - Define:
Cell Body/ Soma
Dale's Principle
Dendrites
Electrostatic Pressure
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
Force/Principle Of Diffusion
Glial Cell |
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Definition
Definition:
•Largest part of the cell; Contains nucleus, cytoplasm, & structures that eliminate waste, make proteins and convert nutrients to energy.
•Idea that a neuron is only able to produce one neurotransmitter.
•Extensions branching from Soma, receiving information from other neurons.
•Force:like-charged ions are repelled & opposite-charged ions are attracted by eachother
•Hyperpolarization of dendrites & soma, making neuron more likely to fire.
•Force: moves ions from area of high concentration to a less concentrated area.
•Nonneural cell; Provides many supporting functions to neurons, including myelination. |
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Term
Ch2-3
Key Terms - Define:
Graded Potential
Hyperpolarization
Hypopolarization
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Interneuron
Ion
Ionotropic Receptor |
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Definition
Definition:
•Voltage change in neuron, varies with strength of stimulus.
•Increase in polarization of a neuron membrane; Inhibitory, AP less likely to occur.
•Decrease in polarization of a neuron membrane; Excitatory, AP more likely to occur.
•Hyperpolarization of dendrites & soma, neuron is less likely to fire.
•Neuron with short/no axon; Connects to another in the same part of the central nervous system.
•Atom that is charged from loss/gain of electron.
•Receptor on neuron membrane; Opens ion channels directly and immediately to produce quick reactions. |
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Term
Ch2-4
Key Terms - Define:
Metabolic Receptor
Motor Neuron
Myelin
Neural Network
Neuron
Neurotoxin
Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
Definition:
•Receptor on neuron membrane; Opens chnnels slowly through metabolic process & produces long lasting effects.
•Neuron that carries commands to muscles & organs.
•Fat/ Lipids wrapped around axon to insulate it & helps the AP go faster.
•Group of neurons functioning together to carry-out processes.
•Cell sends & receives information to the brain & nervous system. Involving thoughts, emotions, memories and actions.
•Neural poison; Impairs function of a neuron.
•Chemical a neuron releases to carry messages across synapse to next neuron/muscle. |
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Term
Ch2-5
Key Terms - Define:
Node of Ranvier
Nondecremental
Oligodendrocyte
Polarization
Postsynaptic
Presynaptic
Presynaptic Excitation |
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Definition
Definition:
• Gap in myelin sheath where AP regenerates.
•AP travels down axon with no decrease in size, renews at full strength at each gap.
•Glial cell; Forms myelin in brain & spinal cord.
•Difference in electrical charge between inside & outside the neuron.
•Refers to neuron receiving info from another neuron.
•Refers to neuron that sends info to another.
•Increased release from a neuron's terminal as result of another neuron's release of NT. |
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Term
Ch2-6
Key Terms - Define:
Presynaptic Inhibition
Rate Law
Relative Refractory Period
Resting Potential
Reuptake
Saltatory Conduction
Schwann Cell |
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Definition
Definition:
•Decreased release of NT from terminal as result of another neuron's release.
•Principle; Intensity of stimulus is represented in axon by the frequency of AP.
•Above-threshold stimulus is needed to fire neuron again during this period.
•Charge of inside & outside of the neuron is at rest.
•Process; NT is taken back into presynaptic terminals by transporters.
•Conduction in axon; AP jumps from one node to the next.
•Glial cell; Forms myelin on neurons outside the brain & spinal cord. |
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Term
Ch2-7
Key Terms - Define:
Sensory Neuron
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Spatial Summation
Synapse
Synaptic Cleft
Temporal Summation
Terminal Buttons/Bulbs |
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Definition
Definition:
•Neuron; Carries info from body & outside world into the central nervous system(CNS).
•Protein channels move sodium ions through membrane to outside, & potassium ions inside. Maintaining resting potential. 3 Na+ per 2K+.
•Process; Combines simultaneous stimulus from different locations on dendrites & soma due to to reach the axon hillock.
•Connecting space between two neurons; Terminals -> Space -> Dendrites.
•Small gap between presynaptic neuron & postsynaptic neuron.
•Process; Combines stimulus arriving short periods apart on dendrites/soma to fire AP.
•Swelling on branches at the end of axon; Contains neurotransmitters (Calcium gates). |
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Term
Ch2-8
Key Terms - Define:
Vesicle
Voltage |
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Definition
Definition:
•Membrane-enclosed container storing neurotransmitters in terminal buttons.
•Difference in electrical charge between two points. (Inside/outside) |
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