Term
| List the 5 approaches to studying behavior |
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Definition
1)Describe it (developmental psychology - watching kids)
2)Compare species/consider evolution (genes/difference in species)
3)Consider its development (how it starts/changes/gets more elaborate)
4)Consider underlying biological mechanisms (how does biology cause behavior)
5)Consider dysfunctional human behavior (normal vs. dysfunctional) - looking at human cases and experimentation |
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Term
| List the 3 methods to relate behavior and biological processes. |
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Definition
1) Measuring - So, Mr. Jones zaps you with a cattle prod while you sing a jolly tune and notes the quality with which you sing
2)Behavioral - So, Ms. Smith does single unit recordings from your caudate nucleus while you pick up and juggle woolly worms
3) Correlation - So, budding scientist 12-year-old Tommy records amounts of various foods you eat and the CH4 level in your home during the 3 hrs after each meal. |
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Term
| List the 8 levels of analysis. |
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Definition
1) Social level - individuals behaving in social interaction
2) Organ level - Brain, spinal cord, etc.
3) Neural Systems level - Eyes and visual brain regions
4) Brain region level - Visual cortex
5) Circuit level - local neural circuit
6) Cellular level - single neuron
7) Synaptic level
8) Molecular level - membrane receptors |
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Term
| List and describe the two extremes from levels of analysis. |
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Definition
1) Reductionism - eventually everything has a molecular explanation - So, a behavior is just a biological process using biological substrates
2) Autonomy - Particular 'events' can be explained at the 'level' of the event - So, biology is irrelevant when one seeks to explain a behavior. |
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Term
Brain activity leads to changes in ________.
________ leads to changes in the brain.
So, if you think about it, biological psychology and social psychology are related |
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Definition
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Term
| The CNS consists of what two things? The PNS consists of what two things? |
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Definition
CNS
1) Brain
2) Spinal Cord
PNS
1) Somatic NS - skeletal muscle
2) Autonomic NS - internal organs
*Wherever the cell body lies determines weather peripheral NS or central NS. |
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Term
| List the five cells/tissues in the NS. |
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Definition
1) Neurons - neuron doctrine - Santiago Ramon y Cajal
2) Glial cells (Glia) - CNS Satellite cells - PNS
3) Nonneuronal ependymal cells - cells lining spaces/provides cellular structure.
4) Blood vessels - needs to supply brain with lots of stuff .
5) Connective and epithelial tissues |
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Term
| Neurons are "units" of the NS and are classified by what three things? What is their main job? |
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Definition
Classified by
1) Morphology
2) Chemistry
3) Function
Their main job is to process information |
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Term
| In regards to Glia and Satellite Cells, where are each found? List the 5 different types. |
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Definition
Glia are found in the CNS
Satellite cells are found in the PNS
1) Astrocyte - Stars - blood brain barrier
2) Oligodendroglia - Make myelin
3) Schwann cells - Make myelin
4) Microglia - move around - attack foreign stuff and break down dead stuff.
5) Radial Glia - provides scaffolding so cells can get to places they need to be.
and more..... |
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Term
| What kind of nerves are found in the PNS? |
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Definition
1) Cranial nerves
2) Spinal nerves |
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Term
| Describe what the cranial nerves are and what some of them do. |
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Definition
They can be sensory, motor, or both
-There are 12 nerves starting at the rostral(nose) -> caudal (tail).
-Sensory - Bring in sensory info.
-Motor - Carry out info (blinking/chewing)
-Vagus - Heart Rate, Digestion, Respiration, (brings in sensory info on whats going on in digestive tract)
-Autonomic nerves
-Special nerves |
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Term
| The entry and exit points for all cranial nerves is where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe spinal nerves, the spinal cord, and the Bell-Magendie Law. |
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Definition
Dorsal root = afferent
Ventral root = efferent
Each spinal nerve is a pair and their are 31 pairs.
-The sensory component is located in the dorsal root (bringing in info)
-The Motor component (muscle contraction) is located in the ventral root (fine tuning) (sending out info).
-It is a one way information flow.
The Bell-Magendie Law investigated spinal roots and found that info flows in only one direction. |
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Term
| Explain the two parts of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Definition
Located all along the throacic spinal cord, the 1) Sympathetic -
a) fight or flight
b) diffuse - big global thing (no particular order/not organized)
c) mobilizes (response when we need it)
2) Parasympathetic (counteracts sympathetic systems)
a) rest & digest - carries signals to organs to keep them working,
b) discrete - organized
c) conserves & maintains (homeostasis) |
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Term
| In the brain, the bumps are called what? The grooves are called what? |
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Definition
Bumps = gyrus/gyri
Grooves = sulsas/sulsi |
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Term
| Explain what the meninges are in the brain and what they do. What exists inside the CNS? What does the Coride Plexus do? |
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Definition
Meninges are three layers of tissue that surround the CNS and protect and support it from the outside.
Inside the CNS there is a ventricular system
The coride plexus (ventricles) make cerebralspinal fluid (CSF) which provides nutrients and also gives the brain shape. |
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Term
| The brain has a very abundant _____ supply. Why is it when you have a stroke, paralysis occurs in only a certain place and not throughout the entire body? |
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Definition
blood.
The brain is compartmentalized |
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Term
| Do the neural cells actually come into contact with capillaries? How are nutrients obtained by the brain? What kind of immune defense exists to protect the brain? |
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Definition
| No, neural cells do not actually come into contact with capillaries so they don't get nutrients this way. Astrocytes are used to shuffle stuff in. Astrocytes connect the capillary and the brain/nueron. This is a small form of immune defense to protect the brain from the outside world. |
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Term
| __________ assist in getting nutrients across the blood brain barrier. |
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Definition
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Term
At what month can we identify important parts of the brain?
How do things go about developing? |
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Definition
1 month
Things necessary for life develop quicker than parts that are not as necessary for life. |
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Term
| What is parallel processing? |
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Definition
| the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli. |
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Term
| What is the information processing sequence? |
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Definition
In -> Integrate -> Out
Sensory and motor are separated throughout the NS. |
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Term
Inputs and outputs are _______.
Inputs: ?
Outputs: ? |
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Definition
crossed - left brain controls right body and vice versa.
Input is sensory
Output is motor and can be anything (emotion, feeling, or perception) |
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Term
| ______ can be an input and output |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we mean when we say there is symmetry and asymmetry in structure-function relationships? How is the hippocampus an example of this? |
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Definition
| Function is localized sometimes; Genetics causes certain parts of the brain to carry out a certain function. There is lots of networking involved. For example, the hippocampus plays a role in memories you know you have but it happens in multiple places and other connected systems. Circuits and networks. |
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Term
| Function of "systems' is _____________ and in ________. |
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Definition
hierarchical - moving up in processing pathway = more complex
parallel |
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Term
| What does the brain stem usually consist of and what is the main thing that it does? |
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Definition
1) Medulla
2) Pons
3) Midbrain
It is in control of automated activity - we are not really aware of what it is doing. |
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Term
| What is the cerebral cortex (forebrain) in control of? |
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Definition
| Allows us to do stuff that we are aware of (conscious control) |
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Term
| What is the cerebellum involved with? |
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Definition
| Involved with involuntary motor control (tying your shoes) - implicit memory - don't have to recall memories. Example: pianist playing stuff from memory (technical) |
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Term
| What two parts make up the Diencephalon and what do they do? |
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Definition
1) Thalamus - gateway between brain stem and forebrain. Relays info between systems up to cortex from brain stem.
2) Hypothalamus - regulating autonomic system and endocrine system.
-The F's
-Negative feedback |
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Term
| What two parts of the brain make up the forebrain? What are their main roles? |
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Definition
1) Basal Ganglia plays main role in involuntary motor control - smoothness and accuracy of movements. Also helps provide us with a working memory of where our body is in space. (An image of how I am position wise) Implicit!
2) The limbic system is in control of emotion. |
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Term
| What is unique about the forebrain (basal ganglia/limbic system)? |
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Definition
| In these systems, the output can cause an input (emotion can keep building up) as opposed to a hierarchial fashion (as you get higher in processing pathway = gets more complex) - not so in this case |
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Term
| List and explain the roles of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. |
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Definition
1) Frontal - Reasoning, judgment and planning, primary motor cortex (movement)
2) Parietal - Bodily senses touch and complex processing
3) Temporal - Mainly involved with visual processing. Language one side and music on the other. Small part is hearing.
4) Occipital - Only about vision! |
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Term
| True or False: Everyone has different sulsi and gyri. |
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Definition
| False. Everyone has the same basic sulsi and gyri, but they are slightly varied in everyone. |
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Term
| How many layers of cells does the cerebral cortex are there? |
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Definition
| The cerebral cortex has 6 layers of cells and they all vary. There are a lot of vertical connections. |
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Term
| List and describe the two primary areas of functional organization. List and describe the two association areas of functional organization. |
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Definition
Primary Areas
1) Sensory - receive converging afferents (incoming info). 5 areas
2) Motor - send specific efferents (outgoing) with collaterals. 1 area - precisely organized and mapped. Specific places control specific things.
Association Areas - you need these areas to get complex processing (integrating sensory and motor)
1) Input & Output:
-Cortical afferents - incoming to cortex
-Cortical efferents - outgoing from cortex
-Both convergence and divergence
2) Function - motor planning
-Sensory/perceptual processing
-Motor planning
-Other complex |
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Term
Information from other neurons is collected at the _________.
Information is processed in the ____ ____.
Information is then passed on to the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A neuron's membrane potential is ________ activity that is measured ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What mainly causes an action potential? What are the ion concentrations intracellularly and extracellulary during resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| The ion concentration intracellularly is different than the concentration extracellularly. This imbalance is what causes an action potential. "-" inside relative to outside. Greater number of "-" charges (ions) inside. |
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Term
| List the two ions that are involved in creating an action potential. |
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Definition
1)Na+
2)K+: Potassium ions move freely over the neural membrane and there are more K+ inside the cell than outside the cell causing the inside of the cell to be more "-" |
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Term
| What is resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
The resting potential is the potential across the neural membrane when the cell isn't receiving input, integrating, or conducing an "impulse"
This electrical potential is at -60 mV. |
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Term
| What is an important aspect of the neural membrane that allows action potential to actually occur? |
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Definition
| Neural membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer. These make channels/pores allowing ions (Na+/K+) to travel across the membrane. Ions move from high concentrations to low concentrations. |
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Term
| List and describe the two types of ion channels. |
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Definition
1) Passive - leakage
2) Active - Gated/normally closed. Chemically or electrically can open |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential is ___ mV. |
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Definition
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Term
| What dictates what the membrane potential will ultimately be? |
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Definition
| The ion concentration extracellularly |
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Term
| What happens during depolarization? What is considered the threshold? What mV is reached during depolarization? |
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Definition
"+" charge input - the membrane depolarizes (becomes less negative) due to Na+ channels opening and allowing Na+ to flow into the membrane! The threshold required for an action potential to happen is at -60mV to -40mV.
+50 mV is achieved during a depolarization (action potential) |
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Term
| Na+ channels are _______ - _____ channels. |
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Definition
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Term
| After depolarization has occurred, what happens next? |
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Definition
| "-" charge input = repolarization and inhibition or hyperpolarization. Potassium channels open and K+ flows out which makes the membrane a little more negative. This helps to counter the massive influx of Na+. Happens in milliseconds |
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Term
| What is used to kill bugs and how does it work? |
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Definition
| TEA doesn't allow K+ channels to open so there is no falling phase falling an action potential. This kills the cell (kills bugs) |
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Term
| What does tetrodo-toxin do? |
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Definition
| It doesn't allow action potentials to develop so no contraction. |
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Term
| How many action potentials can occur per second? What limits the rate at which an action potentials can fire? |
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Definition
| 1200-1500 action potentials / second. There is a limited rate though which depends on how long it takes action potentials to occur because of the absolute refractory period where another action potential will not occur. |
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Term
| What is the all or none principle? |
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Definition
| This says that the magnitude of an action potential is always the same magnitude |
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Term
| What influences the speed of conduction from neuron to neuron? |
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Definition
Myelination
Slower conduction = unmyelinated narrow axon
Faster conduction = myelinated wider axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glial cells and Oligodendroglia |
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Term
| What are the nodes of ranvier and what do they have to do with saltatory conduction? |
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Definition
| The nodes of ranvier are spaces formed between the myelin sheath on the axon. The spaces are just far enough apart to spread Na+ and K+. Then it shoots down they myelinated axon - this is known as saltatory conduction = much faster |
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Term
| Neurons can be connected in 2 ways. List and describe these. |
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Definition
1) Excitatory connection - depolarization occurs in receiving cell(excitatory post synaptic potential)
2) Inhibitory connection - depolarization will not occur in receiving cell. Decreases the likelihood of depolarization which inhibits the cell (IPSP) |
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Term
Most EPSP's are located on the _________.
Most IPSP's are located on the ____ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is summation? What is spatial summation and temporal summation? |
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Definition
Summation (adding up) inputs
Spatial summation is adding inputs across the space of the neuron.
Temporal summation is adding inputs over time (nerve has capacitance - can hold a charge)
Inhibition and excitation are integrated (added up) |
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Term
| Inputs sum to threshold at the ____ ______. When this happens, an action potential is initiated. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is synaptic transmission? What two main parts of a neuron are involved in this transmission from cell to cell? |
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Definition
Syaptic transmission is communication between cells.
1) Presynaptic - sends signal (N.T. release)
2) Postsynaptic - receives signal - EPSP - excitatory
IPSP - inhibitory |
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Term
| List the three things that occur at the presynaptic terminal. |
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Definition
1) Action potential propagated to terminal
2) Terminal membrane depolarizes (Na+) - Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open as a result of depolarization.
- Ca2+ flow into terminal based on concentration gradient
3) Ca2+ causes synaptic vessicles (pieces of neural membrane) to fuse with membrane
-Neurotransmitter "spilled" into synapse
-NT diffuses across synapse |
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Term
| List the three things that occur at the postsynaptic membrane. |
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Definition
1) NT molecules attach to ligand binding sites on postsynaptic receptor molecules
-Receptor-ligand complex directly or indirectly opens chanel(s) in postsynaptic membrane NT action)
-Ions flow through channel(s) (ions depend on which channels are opened)
2) Result is EPSP, IPSP, or intracellular activity (NT effect) -begins to spread
3) NT action terminated via enzymatic deactivation or NT reuptake. |
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Term
What is enzymatic deactivation?
What is a ligand? |
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Definition
When an enzyme attacks a transmitter and changes it to something else. This deactivates the neurotransmitter.
Ligands are chemicals that can be active |
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Term
| List the 4 steps in the inactivation process of a NT. |
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Definition
1) Diffusion away from the cleft
2) Enzymatic deactivation - Ach
3) Reuptake via transporter protein to presynaptic cell following activation of presynaptic autoreceptors by an excess amount of NT. Autoreceptors causes inhibition or reuptake (diffusion back to the presynaptic end).
4) Uptake by the glial cell which also takes the NT out of the cleft and recycles it back into the presynaptic neuron to be used again. |
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Term
| Explain what a ligand-gated receptor is. What is an ionotropic receptor? Does it excite or inhibit? Fast or slow? |
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Definition
A ligand-gated receptor is like a gate with a lock that requires a key. The correct transmitter binds to the binding site and the pore opens, allowing the influx or efflux of ions.
An ionotropic receptor is a ligand-gated receptor which attracts ions. This results in fast (excitation) transmission at the synapse. |
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Term
| Explain what a G-protein coupled receptor is. What is a metabotropic receptor? Does it excite or inhibit? Fast or slow? |
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Definition
G-protein coupled receptor is where a receptor molecule is in the membrane but not attached to the ion channel it controls. All are attached to G-protein. So the receptor is close by but not actually connected to the ion channel that it opens and closes. This receptor involves a second messenger.
Metabotropic receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor. Inhibition comes in a slow form. These receptors attract metabolism and usually produce an IPSP almost always. These are what control potassium channels. |
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Term
| In a G-protein coupled receptor, what is the 1st messenger and what is the second messenger? |
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Definition
1) Neurotransmitter is known as the 1st messenger.
2) The second signal that ultimately opens/closes the channel is the second messenger. |
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Term
| What ultimately determines weather there will be an excitatory or an inhibitory post synaptic potential? |
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Definition
| THE RECEPTOR! Not necessarily the neurotransmitter! The receptor controls what is going on and is what causes the effect! |
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Term
| List the three possible results of neurotransmitter action at a receptor. |
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Definition
1) Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
2) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
3) Change in postsynaptic neuron's metabolism
-Produce 2nd messengers
-Produce different/more/less proteins
-Produce more/less NT
-etc. |
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Term
| List the 3 signaling systems in our bodies |
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Definition
1) Nervous system - NT
2) Endocrine system
3) Immune system |
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Term
| List six things that are required to be a neurotransmitter. |
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Definition
1) Must be able to be made in the presynaptic terminal
2) Enzymes for NT synthesis must be made in the presynaptic terminal or cell body
3) NT must be released when action potential reaches presynaptic terminal via Ca2+ depedent mechanism - doesn't have to come out of vessicles.
4) Specific receptor(s) on postsynaptic membrane that can be cloned
5) NT on postsynaptic membrane produces PSP - needs to be able to happen
6) Blocking NT release must prevent presynaptic cell from producing PSP in postsynaptic cell. |
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Term
| List the four things that NT's do in their lifecycle. |
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Definition
1) Synthesis - make
2) Packaging in synaptic vessicle
3) Release via Ca2+ mechanism
4) Reuptake or enzymatic deactivation |
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Term
| Give an example of how altering the reuptake of a certain neurotransmitter can help us. |
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Definition
| Serotonin makes peopel feel good who are depressed. So we alter the reuptake to keep more of it around. |
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Term
Ligands can do what two things?
How can it be an agonist? antagonist? |
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Definition
1) Activate receptors
2) Prevent activation of receptors.
It is an agonist by activating or mimicing a NT. It is an antagonist when binding at a receptor site does not activate NT but blocks this activation. |
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Term
| List the two types of agonists in regards to ligands. |
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Definition
1) Competitive agonist - occupies binding site (blocks)
2) Non-competitive agonist - prevents NT from working even when correct NT is bound to the receptor (2 locks). |
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Term
| What influences how efficiently a NT will bind with its receptor? What is a perfect antagonist? Perfect agonist? |
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Definition
Potency
-Accessibility of ligand to receptor
-Affinity (A) of ligand for receptor
-Efficacy (E) of ligand at receptor
Perfect Antagonist = increased affinity and decreased efficacy
Perfect Agonist = increased affinity and increased efficacy. |
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Term
| A ligand can be a ____ or a ________________. |
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Definition
| drug or a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What two places make Ach? What three main things does Ach play a role in? |
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Definition
Makes Ach:
1) Basal forebrain
2) Pons (brain stem)
Roles:
1) Learning and memory function
2) Arousal and sleeping/waking
3)Ach at the neuromuscular junction is released by neurons and opens channels on muscles. |
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Term
| What main disease is associated with Ach? |
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Definition
| Alzheimers disease - difficulty recalling memory (retrieving) - cholinergic system is messed up. |
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Term
| List three main monoamines (catecholamines) that exist in our bodies. |
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Definition
1) Dopamine
2) NE
3) Serotonin |
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Term
| Where is dopamine produced? What are the three main functions? |
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Definition
Dopamine is produced in the brain stem.
1) Reward for doing something (eating, reproducing, etc.) - feeling good/pleasure.
2) Motor control (involuntary)
3) Consciousness (filtering) |
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Term
| Where is NE produced and released? Two functions? What type of receptors does NE have? |
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Definition
NE is produced in the brain stem and is released in the forebrain.
1) Arousal/waking - goes directly to cortex and sets level of arousal
2) Mood function (transmitter)
NE has metabotropic receptors. |
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Term
| Where is serotonin produced and released to? List four of its major functions. What type of receptors does serotonin have? |
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Definition
Serotonin is produced throughout the brain stem and goes to the cerebral cortex and brain stem. Different kind of monoamine.
1) Sleeping/waking - deep sleeping (not arousal side)
2) Mood
3) Anxiety
4) Emotion (aggression!)
Possess all inhibitory (metabotropic receptors) except one which is excitatory and helps you vomit. |
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Term
| What does glutamate (GLU) and (GABA) do? What types of receptors do they have? |
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Definition
(GLU)- major excitatory system
(GABA) - Counter part to GLU. Inhibition or it produces no potentials! Major inhibitory system.
Both GLU and GABA have bot types of receptors (ionotropic and metabotropic) |
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Term
| ________ is critical to weather excitatory or inhibitory! There are tons of receptors for any one ligand! Again! ________ are CRITICAL to what you get! |
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Definition
| RECEPTORS! RECEPTORS! RECEPTORS! shitt mannneeee |
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Term
| Explain the Ionotropic receptors in terms of cation channels and anion channels and do the same for Metabotropic receptors |
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Definition
Ionotropic Receptors:
-Cation channel - Both produce EPSP's - EXCITATION
-Anion channel - Produces IPSP
Metabotropic Receptors:
-Cation Channel - Produces IPSP and EPSP
-No channel...regulate second messengers and thus metabolism with many possible results. |
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Term
| What year was the neuron doctrine introduced and who introduced it? Also...what was it? |
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Definition
1900 - Ramon y Cajal
Found that neurons were the unit of the nervous system! |
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Term
| Anxiety is a _____ of disorders. What are some features of generalized anxiety? Drugs to help it? |
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Definition
group - generalized anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, PTSD, etc..
Generalized anxiety - worry, stress, nervousness, etc...
Drugs:
1) Benzodiazepines - works on GABA receptor.
2) 5-HTR drugs
3) SSRI's |
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Term
| How do drugs like benzodiazepine's and anxiolytic drugs like valium help with anxiety? How is GABA part of a continuum. |
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Definition
These drugs bind and facilitate GABA binding. This makes GABA work better which relieves anxiety.
It is like a continuum in that reduced levels of GABA = anxiety which can lead to seizures if levels get to low. On the other end, increased levels of GABA can cause euphoria (feel good) which can eventually lead to anesthesia (excessive transmission) (pass out). |
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Term
| The opposite of benzodiazepines are what? What do they do? |
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Definition
| endozepines - these prevent the site from working as well and makes us anxious! |
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Term
| What are three characteristics of epilepsy? |
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Definition
1) Focal site seizures - partial & complex - Abnormal activity starts in one place in the brain and stays there.
-Temporal lobe mainly (no convulsions) but connect with god and themselves.
-Can be convulsion of 1 part but depends on how much of the brain is involved.
2) Generalized seizures - "petit & grand mal" - little or big sickness - generalized absences in consciousness.
Grand mal = convulsions.
3) Convulsions and absence symptoms. |
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Term
| List and describe two neural events involved with epilepsy. |
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Definition
1)Over-excitation and insufficient inhibition - can't keep up with excessive excitation. Needs to be balanced and epilepsy means out of balance.
2) Treatment - enhance drugs that work on GABA systems (inhibition). |
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Term
| From an ion concentration standpoint, what is going on with epilepsy? |
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Definition
| There is a malformation of Na+ channels causing them to open/close more often (overexcitation). Na+ channels increase during depolarization (unstable opening and closing of Na+ channels) and K+ channels decrease during hyperpolarization (K+ efflux is not significant enough). |
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Term
| List and describe the old drugs (and problems with them) and new drugs that work on epilepsy. |
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Definition
Old drugs - Enhanced inhibitory systems to shut off the over excitation. This was using GABA drugs (anti-convulsants) or drugs that have sedative qualities. Problem = sedation (eventual brain damage)
New drugs - Stabilize Na+ channels wish keeps channels from repetitively opening and closing. |
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Term
| In general, what is schizophrenia? What are positive vs. negative symptoms/signs? List and describe the two types |
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Definition
Schizophrenia - thought disorder (people who are out of touch with reality)
Symptoms/signs
Positive - things an individual has that shouldn't be there (hallucinations)
Negative - social withdrawal, difficulty thinking (abstractly), exhibit a lack of emotion. Things people should normally have but an individual lacks
Types 1 - Positive Sx, DA dysfunction, + response to antipsychotics...acute - Dopamine systems.
Type 2 - More negative SX, structural abnormalities, poor response to antipsychotics - Don't have many hallucinations, dilutions, or psychotic separations. Have though problems. Can't tell how they feel about things (abstract thinking) |
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Term
| What paved the way for community psychiatry (Asylum's/mental instituions). |
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Definition
| Learning what dopamine had to do with mental diseases. |
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Term
Too much dopamine =
Too little dopamine = |
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Definition
Too much dopamine = Schizophrenia (crazy)
Too little dopamine = Parkinson's (frozen) - Drugs are used to enhance their dopamine receptors and they are able to move again. |
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Term
| What is the holy grail of neuroscience? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| There are many anomalies with schizophrenia. Explain more... |
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Definition
| There isn't just type 1 or type 2. Can be caused by other thins and can show different effects. Two identical twins who shared 100% DNA - 1 was affected the other was not. This was because one had big ventricles which squished certain parts of the brain. |
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Term
| What is parkinson's disease? Positive and negative symptoms? Treatments? |
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Definition
Parkinson's Disease - motor disorder - dopamine system deterioration.
Positive SX - tremor at rest, muscular rigidity (don't move smoothly), involuntary movement.
Negative Sx - disorders of posture, writing, locomotion, disturbance of speech, and akinesia (positioning problems)
Pharmacological treatment - D2 agonisists like bromocriptine, L-DOPA, a DA synthesis enhancer, and anticholingergics
Treatment involves enhancing dopamine transmission pathways. Whatever part of dopamine pathways that works, enhance what they have left.
Other treamtent - Pallidotomy and transplant (not much here) |
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