Term
|
Definition
| progressive degenerative disease of the brain, characterized by dementia and always fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum at the time of birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serious disorder of mood, characterized by insomnia, loss of appetite and feelings of dejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition characterized by periodic disturbances of brain electrical activity that can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness and sensory disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive disease that affects nerve conduction, characterized by episodes of weakness, lack of coordination and speech disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive disease of the brain that leads to difficulty in initiating voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations and bizarre behaviour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of brain function caused by disruption of the blood supply, usually leading to permanent sensory, motor or cognitive deficit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-scientific study of the nervous system
-relatively young term (1969) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prehistoric ancestors
-> brain vital to life
Skull surgeries
-> Evidence: Trepanation
-> Skulls showed signs of healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mummification process
-Canopic Jars were used to hold the organs of the dead after they were embalmed
-> lungs, stomach, liver and intestines in the jars
-brain was discarded, egyptians held no regard for it
- the heart was left inside the body, to be judged in the afterlife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hippocrates
-Brain: involved in sensation
- seat of intelligence
Aristotle
- Heart: center of intellect
-Brain: radiator for the cooling of the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Galen
-Correlation between structure and function
-> Cerebrum: soft = sensations
-> Cerebellum: hard = movements
-> Ventricles: contain fluids which regulate movements to and from perceptions and actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fluid-mechanical theory of brain function
- philosophical mind-brain distinction |
|
|
Term
| The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century |
|
Definition
-gray matter and white matter observation
- basic anatomical subdivisions of PNS and CNS
-Identification of gyri, sulci and fissures |
|
|
Term
| Beginning of the Nineteenth Century |
|
Definition
-nerves as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena
- brain can generate electricity
-studies on ventral and dorsal roots of the nerves (Charles Bell & Francois Magendie) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Localisation of functions in the brain
-> if spinal roots carry differential functional information then different parts of the brain are specialised to process this information
-> 1809 Phrenology
-> 1823 Experimental
-> 1861 Lesioned patients
Cerebral localisation in animals
-> nervous system of different species may share common mechanisms
Neuron as the basic function of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Levels of Analysis in Today's Neuroscience |
|
Definition
Molecular
Cellular
Systems
Behavioural
Cognitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M.D. trained to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M.D. trained to diagnose and treat disorders of mood and personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M.D. trained to perform surgery on the brain and spinal chord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M.D. or Ph.D. trained to recognize the changes on nervous tissue that results from disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Insulates, supports and nourishes neurons
- mainly supports neuronal functions
astrocytes
--> most numerous glia in the brain
--> fill spaces between neurons (influence neurite growth)
--> regulate the chemical context of the external environment of the neurons
Myelinating Glia
--> Oligodendroglia (in CNS) and Schwann cells (in PNS) insulate axons
--> node of Ranvier: region where the axonal membrane is exposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-process information
-sense environmental changes
-communicate changes to other neurons
-command body response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cells are in the range of 0.01-0.05 mm of diameter
-need for techniques that allow to see such small structures
-The Nissl Stain
--> colours selectively only part of the cell
--> facilitates the study of cytoarchitecture in the CNS
--> differentiation between neuron and glia
-The Golgi Stain
--> revealed the entire structure of the neuron |
|
|
Term
| Camillo Golgi's Reticular Theory |
|
Definition
| Neurites of different cells are fused to form a continuous reticulum, a network (like blood circulation) |
|
|
Term
| Santiago Ramon y Cajal's Neuron Doctrine |
|
Definition
Neurons are not continuous to one another but communicate by contract
--> shared the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytosol
--> watery fluid inside the cell
Organelles
--> membrane-enclosed structures within the soma
-Nucleus, RER, SER, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
-contents within a cell membrane
-organelles, excluding the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contains chromosomes that have the genetic material (DNA)
--> genes: segment of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reading of DNA in order to synthesize proteins
1. RNA Polymerase initiates the copying of the gene into an mRNA strang --> Transcription
2. RNA Processing
3. mRNA transcipt is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gene has Promotor, Terminator, Exons and Introns
-Intron: non-coding regions
-Extron: coding regions
--> via splicing Introns are cut out of the RNA and only "useful" information are left over --> mRNA
--> per translation mRNA is transformed into proteins |
|
|
Term
Rough Endoplasmatic Reticulum
RER |
|
Definition
-major site for protein synthesis
-contains ribosomes attached to the ER and free ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| Protein Synthesis On A Free Ribosome |
|
Definition
| mRNA attaches to free ribosome and is being translated into a new, free protein. After that the mRNA detaches from the ribosome again. |
|
|
Term
| Protein Synthesis On Rough ER |
|
Definition
| mRNA attaches to RER and is being translated. The newly synthesized protein is membrane-associated. After, mRNA detaches from RER. |
|
|
Term
Smooth ER
&
Golgi Apparatus |
|
Definition
Sites for preparing/ sorting proteins for delivery to different cell regions (trafficking) and regulating substances
--> new proteins are transported in vesicles detaching from Golgi Apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- site of cellular respiration (inhale and exhale)
- through Krebs cycle, Pyruvic acid and O2 are transformed in ATP and CO2
--> (Pyruvic Acid + O2 = ATP + CO2)
--> 1 Pyruvic acid = 17 ATP
--> Protein, Sugar and Fats are transformed into Pyruvic acid
ATP = cell's energy source (breaking down ATP in ADP)
-outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-barrier that encloses cytoplasm (separates inside from outside of nerve cell)
- 5 nm thick
-protein concentration in membrane varies
-structure of discrete membrane regions influences neuronal function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-not static
-internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane
-3 "bones" --> Microtubules, Microfilamentes, Neurofilamentes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-big and run longitudinally along the neuron
- tubulin molecules
- 20 nm diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-same size of the membrane
-role in changing cell shape
- actin molecules
- 5 nm diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mediam size 10 nm
- structurally very strong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-specialized for the transfer information over long distances
- Axon hillock (beginning)
- Axon proper (middle)
- Axon terminal (end) |
|
|
Term
| Difference Between Axon And Soma |
|
Definition
-ER does not extend into Axon
--> no protein synthesis there
- protein composition: unique
- variable diameter and length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-axon terminal is the site of contact with another neuron of cell (synapse) and transfer of information (synaptic transmission)
- no microtubules in Axon Terminal
- Presence of synaptic vesicles (contain neurotransmitter)
- Abundance of membrane proteins post synapsis
- large number of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-allows the transport of the proteins synthesized in the soma to the axon terminal
Anterograde (soma to terminal):
--> could be fast (1000mm/ day) or slow (1-10 mm/ day)
- legs are of kinesin
Retrograde (terminal to soma):
-feedback information
-legs are dynein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "antennae" of neurons
- all the dendrites of a neuron are called dendritic tree
-dendritic spines
-Postsynaptic
--> receives signals from axon terminals by using protein molecules called receptors that detect neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
| Classification Based On The Number Of Neurites |
|
Definition
Single Neurite
- unipolar
Two or more Neurites
-Bipolar --> two
- Multipolar --> more than two |
|
|
Term
| Classification Based On Dendritic And Somatic Morphologies |
|
Definition
-stellate cells (star-shaped) and pyramidical cells (pyramid-shaped)
- spiny or aspinous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- by connections within the CNS
--> primary sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
- based on axonal length
--> Golgi Type 1 - long axon, projections neurons
--> Golgi Type 2 - short axon, local circuit neurons
-based on neurotransmitter type
--> Cholinergic = Acetylcholine at synapses |
|
|
