Term
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Definition
| A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to the fundamental frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to intensity. |
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Term
| timbre (tamm ber or tim ber) |
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Definition
| A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to complexity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One of three bones of the middle ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "hammer"; the first of the three ossicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "anvil"; the second of the three ossicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "stirrup"; the last of the three ossicles |
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Term
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Definition
| The snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the auditory transducing mechanisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| An opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea that reveals a membrane, against which a baseplate of the stapes presses, transmitting sound vibrations into the fluid wihtin the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sensory organ on the basilar membrane that contains the auditory hair cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ther receptive cell of the auditory apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A supporting cell found in the organ of Corti; sustains the auditory hair cells. |
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Term
| basilar membrane (bazz i ler) |
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Definition
| A membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti. |
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Term
| testorial membrane (tek torr ee ul) |
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Definition
| A membrane locared above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move. |
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Term
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Definition
| An opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea of the inner ear that permits vibrations to be transmitted, via the oval window, into the fluid in the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hairlike appendage of a cell involved in movement or in transducing sensory information; found on the receptors in the auditory and vestibular system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elastic filament that attaches the rip of one cilium to the side of the adjacent cilium. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point of attachment of a tip link t oa cilium. |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receive auditory information from the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of nuclei in the medulla; involved with auditory functions, including localization of the source of sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla and pons; carries fibers of the auditory system. |
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Term
tonotopic representation
(tann oh top ik) |
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Definition
| A topographically organized mapping of different frequencies of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system by which information about different frequwncies is coded by different locations on the basilar membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electronic device surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable a deaf person to hear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teh system by which information about different frequencies is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lowest, and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound's basic pitch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teh frequency of complex tones that occurs at multiples of the fundamental frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss or impairment of msical abilities, produced by hereditary factors or brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that detects changes in the tilt of the head. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of teh three ringlike structures of the vestibular apparatus that detect changes in head rotation. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the vestibular sacs. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the vestibular sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| An enlargement in a semicircular canal; contains the cupula and the crista. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gelatinous mass found in the ampulla of teh semicircular canals; moves in response t the flow of the fluid in teh canals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nodule on the vestibular nerve that contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular information to the brain. |
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Term
| cutaneous sense (kew tane ee us) |
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Definition
| One of the somatosenses; includes sensitivity to stimuli that involve the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of the body's position and posture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of the body's own movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sense modality that ariese from receptors located within the inner organs of the body. |
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Term
| glabrous skin (glab russ) |
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Definition
| Skin that does not contain hair; found on the palms and soles of the feet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vibration-sensitive organ located in hairy skin. |
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Term
| Pacinian corpuscle (pa chin ee un) |
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Definition
| A specialized, encapsulated somatosensory nerve ending that detects mechanical stimuli, especially vibrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The touch-sensitive end organs located in the papillae, small elevations of the dermis that project up into the epidermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The touch-sensitive end organs found at the base of the epidermis, adjacent to sweat ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensations that appear to originate in a limb that has been amputated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The taste sensation produced by glutamate; identify the presence of amino acids in foods (taste = savory) |
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Term
| nucleus of the solitary tract |
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Definition
| A nucleus of the medulla that receives information from visceral organs and from the gustatory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The epithelial tissue of the nasal sinus that covers the cribiform plate; contains the cilia of the olfactory receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teh protrusion at the end of th olfactory tract; receives input from the olfactory receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron located in the olfactroy bulb that receive information from olfactory receptors; axons of the mitral cells bring information to the rest of the brain. |
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Term
olfactory glomerulus
(glow mare you luss) |
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Definition
| A bundle of dendrites of mitral cells and the associated terminal buttons of the axons of olfactory receptors. |
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Term
electromyogram (EMG)
(my oh gram) |
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Definition
| An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle. |
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Term
electro-oculogram (EOG)
(ah kew loh gram) |
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Definition
| An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smoothe electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally assocaited with a state of relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from teh brain; generally assocaiated with a state of arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz tht occurs intermittenly during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest statges of slow-wave sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cessation of breathing while sleeping. |
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Term
narcolepsy
(nahr ko lep see) |
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed. |
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Term
cataplexy
(kat a plex ee) |
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Definition
| A symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep. |
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Term
hypnagogic hallucination
(hip na gah jik) |
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Definition
| A symptom of nacrolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy. |
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Term
| REM sleep behavior disorder |
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Definition
| A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams. |
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Term
| sleep-related eating disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation. |
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Term
adenosine
(a den oh seen) |
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Definition
| A neuromodulater that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity, may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep. |
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Term
locus coeruleus
(sa roo lee us) |
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Definition
| A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along ghe midline; contain serotonergic neurons. |
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Term
| tuberomammillary necleus (TMN) |
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Definition
| A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal. |
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Term
| ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) |
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Definition
| A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic are whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep. |
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Term
| sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) |
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Definition
| A region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to teh locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop. |
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Term
ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter
(vlPAG) |
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Definition
| A region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portionof the REM sleep flip-flop. |
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Term
circadian rhythm
(sur kay dee un or sur ka dee un) |
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Definition
| A daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process. |
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Term
zeitgeber
(tsite gay ber) |
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Definition
| A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms. |
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Term
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
(soo pra ky az mat ik) |
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Definition
| A nucleus situated atop the optic chasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms. |
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Term
melanopsin
(mell a nop sin) |
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Definition
| A photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei. |
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Term
| advanced sleep phase syndrome |
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Definition
| A 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN. |
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Term
| delayed sleep phase syndrome |
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Definition
| A 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene (per3) involved in teh rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms. |
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Term
melatonin
(mell a tone in) |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonaly rhythms. |
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Term
| sexually dimorphic behavior |
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Definition
| A behavior that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mature reproductive cell; a sperm or ovum. |
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Term
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Definition
| The X and Y chromosomes, which determine an organism's gender. Normally, XX individuals are female, and XY individuals are male. |
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Term
gonad
(rhymes with moan ad) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes. |
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Term
| organizational effect (of hormone) |
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Definition
| The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development. |
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Term
activational effect
(of hormone) |
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Definition
| The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism's prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Müllerian system, which would other- wise become the female internal sex organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females. |
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Term
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Definition
| A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males. |
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Term
testosterone
(tess tahss ter own) |
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Definition
| The principal androgen found in males. |
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Term
dihydrotestosterone
(dy hy dro tess tahss ter own) |
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Definition
| An androgen, produced from testosterone through the action of an enzyme. |
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Term
| androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
| A condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of female with testes but no internal sex organs. |
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Term
| persistent Müllerian duct syndrome |
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Definition
| A condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-Mullerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of only one sex chromosome (an X chromosome); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia. |
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Term
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(go nad oh trow pin) |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone of the anerior pitutitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads. |
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Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum. |
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Term
luteinizing hormone (LH)
(lew tee a nize ing) |
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Definition
| A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum. |
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Term
estradiol
(ess tra dye ahl) |
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Definition
| The principal estrogen of many mamals including humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of sex hormones that cause maturation of female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic of females. |
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Term
menstrual cycle
(men strew al) |
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Definition
| The female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a corpus luteum, and (if pregnancy does not occur) menstruation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum. |
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Term
corpus luteum
(lew tee um) |
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Definition
| A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone. |
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Term
progesterone
(pro jess ter own) |
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Definition
| A steriod hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol it promotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles. |
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Term
refractory period
(ree frak to ree) |
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Definition
| A period of time after a particular action (for example, an ejaculation by a male) during which that action cannot occur again. |
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Term
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Definition
| The restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become "exhausted" by sexual activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, wich elevates the hindquarters. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animals; usually smelled or tasted. |
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Term
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Definition
| The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous sycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in eh animals urine; first observed in mice. |
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Term
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Definition
| The synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male's urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the male's urine; first observed in mice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Termination of pregnancy caused by odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated teh female; first identified in mice. |
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Term
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
(voah mer oh nay zul) |
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Definition
| A sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neural structure located in teh main olfactory bulb that receives information from teh vomeronasal organ. |
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Term
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
(hy per play zha) |
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Definition
| A condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia. |
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Term
| medial preoptic area (MPA) |
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Definition
| An area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior. |
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Term
| sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) |
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Definition
| A nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males that in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior. |
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Term
| periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) |
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Definition
| The refion of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior. |
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Term
| nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) |
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Definition
| A nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medial pre-optic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males. |
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Term
| ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) |
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Definition
| A large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near teh walls of the third ventricle; plays an exxential role in female sexual behavior. |
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Term
parturition
(par tew ri shun) |
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Definition
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