Term
|
Definition
| Most diverse ecosystem, 18 deg C and up, 32-42ppt. Atlantic reefs = 10k-20k yrs, Great Barrier = 2 mil yrs, Pacific = 60 mil yrs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dinoflagellate that has symbiotic relationship with coral |
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Term
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Definition
| Class Anthozoa, subclasses Hexacorallia, Octocorallia(deep sea) |
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Term
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Definition
| Colorful, diverse, highly specialized |
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Term
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Definition
| grabs algae from corals, breaks off coral and sand helps digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Pomacanthidae, have spine below gills |
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Term
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Definition
| Locking dorsal fin spines, strong jaws, eat sand dollars, young live in sargassum |
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Term
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Definition
| Poisonous blade close to tail fin, eats chlorophytes, phaeophytes, rhodophytes(in sand), and zooplankton |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, friendly, slow, coral reef fish |
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Term
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Definition
| Giant clam, largest bivalve mollusc, 400lbs, 5ft across. Also has zooxanthellae as endosymbiont |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong jaw, bacteria clean teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| Intense space competition, chemical warfare between corals |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly synchronized in lunar cycles, between polychaetes and corals |
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Term
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Definition
| With Zooxanthellae. CO2, ammonium, phosphorus from coral polyp. Photosynthetic sugars, amino acids from algae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coral feed on zooplankton - use nematocysts and mucous nets, still need zooxanthellae to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| 1500-5000 gC m-2 y-1, highest gross, comparable to open ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| Less than .1, most primary production comes from recycled nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| Reef that is along the coast |
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Term
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Definition
| Land sinks, leaving deep open water between reef and land. Approx 50-70km to mainland from reef |
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Term
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Definition
| Reef surrounding island, but island sinks |
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Term
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Definition
| (back reef), shallow depth, coral rock and sand. Area with largest temp/sal variation |
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Term
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Definition
| Highest point of reef, exposed to air at low tide |
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Term
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Definition
| (fore reef) Outside of reef crest, contains largest corals, slopes downward to include sea whips, soft corals, and sponges below 20m |
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Term
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Definition
| Crown of thorns starfish - eats corals, threat to them |
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Term
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Definition
| Stinging cells to capture prey |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms within corals die, leaving them white |
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Term
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Definition
| Rhizophora (red), Avicennia (black), Laguncularia (white), Bruguiera |
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Term
| Mangrove swamps (mangals) |
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Definition
| Salty, low O2, no waves, soft mud |
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Term
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Definition
| 'live birth', mangrove seedlings stay on trees then drop off |
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Term
| Mangrove Primary Production |
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Definition
| 350-500 gC m-2 y-1, low compared to corals |
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Term
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Definition
| Bendy, cable like roots, salty leaves |
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Term
| Organisms on Mangrove roots |
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Definition
| periwinkles, barnacles, oysters, ascidians, sponges, sea anemones, polychaetes, bryozoans, hydrozoan polyps, crabs |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowering plants w/ seeds, need light, have actual roots, produce own environment, trap sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest sea grass, found up to 50m deep in clear water |
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Term
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Definition
| Turtle grass, found in Caribbean, tropical |
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Term
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Definition
| Need to be fertilized under water, pollen in packets or attached to threads, negatively buoyant seeds, most often it vegetatively regenerates a new shoot |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal layer near bottom of sea grasses. Shoots come out the top, roots out the bottom. |
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Term
| Benthic - pelagic coupling |
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Definition
| Most benthic communities are in aphotic zone, depend on falling organic matter from pelagic. Many organisms use both zones during different life stages |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms grouped in distinct bands at different tidal levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species whose activities disproportionately affect patterns of species occurrence and distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| Keystone species of rocky shores, starfish |
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Term
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Definition
| Blades and holdfasts, no roots/leaves. Fastest growing plant, up to 60 cm/day. Reproduce via spores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Keystone species in N. Pacific kelp forests |
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Term
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Definition
| (non) reef building corals |
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Term
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Definition
| Stoichiometry of consumer organism based on what they eat. Strict homeostasis means stoichiometry doesn't change. No homeostasis = you are what you eat. |
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Term
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Definition
| P is high in Nucleic Acids and ribosomes - low in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, so it is linked to growth |
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Term
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Definition
| C:N:P = 106:16:1, 'emergent property' |
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Term
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Definition
| new production over new plus regenerated production |
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Term
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Definition
| 15N uptake (in form of NO3) over 14C uptake in primary production |
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Term
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Definition
| Moles of O2 produced by phytoplankton divided by moles of CO2 taken up. |
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Term
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Definition
carbohydrates: PQ = 1
lipids: PQ = 1.2
Protein from NO3: PQ = 1.8
Protein from NH3: PQ = .8
Because NO3 must be reduced more than NH4 and more O2 is released when NO3 is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| F-ratio is highest in coastal and upwelling regions, lowest in coral reefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Half life is 21.4days, produced by decay of U238. Th234 taken up by particles, can be measured to indicate particle flux |
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Term
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Definition
| Export production over primary production |
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Term
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Definition
| marine snow, ballast, fecal pellets, active transport, carcasses |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon flux, uses rotary pump, archimedian pump, reciprocating pump, and carbonate pump |
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Term
| non-biological carbon pump |
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Definition
| solubility pump, DOM advection, changes of seawater alkalinity |
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Term
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Definition
| Circulation of material in microplankton food web |
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Term
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Definition
| flux of fecal material and marine snow due to gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| actively migrating organisms release CO2 and defecate at depth |
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Term
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Definition
| sinking of calcifying organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Particulate Organic Carbon - 7 GtC yr-1 flux from surface to deep ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissolved Organic Matter - cutoff either at .2, .45, or .7 microm (depending on filter). Better to overshoot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Particulate Organic Matter - affected by gravity, greater than .7 microm in size, ex: marine snow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Average age of DOM is approx 6000 yrs |
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Term
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Definition
| (C,N,P) - mostly proteins, lipids, polysaccharides. Some are chromogenic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to DOM. Either is colored or fluoresces in the visible spectrum when excited. Can be measured using color techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular release, zooplankton grazing - messy eaters, excretion, egestion; allochthonous input through rivers, viral lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| DOM degrades in hours to weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| DOM degrades in months to years |
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Term
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Definition
| DOM degrades in decades to millenia - larger refractory pool in Atlantic than in Pacific |
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Term
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Definition
Deep ocean - 34 microMolar
Surface - more than 90 microMolar |
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Term
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Definition
| 700 Pg C(pentagrams Carbon), but note that total DIC is 38,000 Pg C. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water sinks in N. Atlantic and Antarctica, comes back up in N. Pacific and Indian. Recirculation time is about 1000-1600 yrs. |
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Term
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Definition
| HMW (high molecular weight) is on average more reactive than LMW (low mw). |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissolved organic nitrogen. 83-90% of total N, much lower refractory than DOC. No relationship between N-fixation and DON. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Net production of DOM in Ross Sea, Greenland, N. Atlantic. -DOC accumulates most at high PP. -Oxidation of 1% of DOM would be greater than burning all fossil fuels. -Bacterial growth efficiency = 15-30% on DOC. -Bacterial Production = 10% of PP, based on DOM after bloom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Finely divided matter between 1 and 1000nm in diameter. Step between DOM and POM. Chemically different than surrounding water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial matrix is either phytoplankton exudates or appendicularian houses. |
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Term
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Definition
| - 'oasis of life' = enriched bacteria concentrations. -'blanket of death' = smothers benthic organisms. -increased role of cyanobacteria at high marine snow abundance. |
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Term
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Definition
| DOM floats with water currents, POM sinks. |
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Term
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Definition
| uniform(low chi-square), random(med chi-s), patchy (most common, high chi-s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by turbulence, horizontal displacement, internal waves, langmuir circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by growth, nutrient patchiness, grazing, swarming, vertical migration |
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Term
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Definition
| Oppositely spinning vortices, create surface streaks parallel to wind direction. Particles congregate in between vortices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally descend during day to not be seen by predators, then return to surface at night to feed. |
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Term
| Reverse vertical migration |
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Definition
| Surface during the day because your predators are down during the day, then down at night to escape predators. |
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Term
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Definition
| Migrate down at ebb tide to get carried back in, then up to surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coherent horizontal layers of organisms between few cm to few m thick |
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Term
| Creating thin layers (biologically) |
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Definition
| Phytoplankton growth, cohesion and aggregation, sinking, pathogens/parasites, grazing, predation, mortality, behavior |
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Term
| Creating thin layers (physically) |
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Definition
| Circulation patterns, mixing, shear, turbulence, internal waves |
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Term
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Definition
| Sinking POM leaves a stream of particles in its wake - creates patchiness |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines particle flux. Fz = F(100)*(z-100)^(-b). F = flux, z = depth, b = .858 - empirical parameter |
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Term
| Abyssal Plane, physical characteristics |
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Definition
| 60% of ocean floor, avg depth = 4500m, desert in terms of faunal distribution, <3 deg C, 33-35ppt, O2 near saturation |
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Term
| Abyssal Plane, some organisms |
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Definition
| Fish(rattails, sharks, hagfish), Echinoderms(brittle stars, sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, crinoids), Sea pens, Stalked sea squirt, Crustacea(amphipohds, isopods), Annelids (sedentary and motile polychaetes) |
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Term
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Definition
| warm/diffuse(5-100deg) or superheated plume(250-400deg) w/ dissolved minerals. Low O2, high hydrogen sulfide(H2S) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Vestimentifera - Annelida). 85cm/yr, up to 1.5m long with 3m long tube. Has symbiotic bacteria. Hemoglobin of blood carries both O2 and H2S. |
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Term
| Hyrdrothermal vents (marine life) |
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Definition
| clams, polychaetes, shrimp (Atl.), specialized plankton, meiofauna(nematodes, copepods), aolluscs, annelids, crustaceans |
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Term
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Definition
| Alvinella pompejana - lives in hydrothermal vents, up to 80 degC, 'hottest' animal on earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subduction zones, seeps sulfur and methane, sometimes in shallower water. Limpets graze on bacterial mats, low species diversity, influences metal content of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mesopelagic zone - low food density, periods of starvation, long life cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| mirrors on mid water fish (oarfish, sardines, tuna) - crystal panels that reflect light as if it passed through the fish |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark dorsally, light ventrally - hard to see from top/bottom, but not perfect because reflected light is not as strong as downwelling light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fish glow, at mid/deep water, to match the ambient light, as sensed by eyes and sensors. |
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Term
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Definition
| purse seine, midwater trawl, bottom trawl, flatfish beam trawl, scallop dredge, drift gill net, set gill net, long line, fish trap, fish pot |
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Term
| Fish population limiting factors |
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Definition
| Egg production, recruitment, natural mortality, fishing pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Model for spawner-recruit relationship. R=aSexp(-bs). R=recruits, s=spawner, a= density independent parameter, b = density dependent parameter. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 methods: Tag/recapture, Estimate population size from fisheries catch data. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/N = R/C #tagged/population size = # recaptured/catch size |
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Term
| Tag/Recapture assumptions |
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Definition
| catch spots are unbiased estimate of stock, fish are randomly caught, tags do not cause mortality, tagged fish mix evenly with population |
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Term
| law of diminishing returns |
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Definition
| The fewer fish there are, the harder it will be to catch them (CPUE goes down) |
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Term
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Definition
| Catch per unit effort - should be proportional to population - can't compare between fisheries though. A change in method leading to a higher CPUE does not mean there is a higher population |
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Term
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Definition
| Total catch on x axis, CPUE on y axis, interpolate to x intercept = population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum Sustainable Yield - point of max CPUE, more effort leads to a lowering of CPUE. Cannot determine point of MSY without overshooting it. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. CPUE rise falsely interpreted as increase in stock size. 2. stock behaves the same each year, same recruit rate. 3. assumes environment doesn't change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scales - annual marker, otoliths(ear bones) - daily/annual marker, clam shells - annual growth rings |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 reasons. 1. Overestimation of abundance, underestimation of mortality. 2. Ability to catch fish at low abundances. 3. Increased discarding and nonreporting of small fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species not targeted by fishers are caught anyways - small fish of same species, wanted and unwanted fish of other species. Total annual bycatch = 26%. |
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Term
| fishing down the food web |
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Definition
| Fisheries continually target smaller and smaller species after they've fished out the larger ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid shift in organization of ecosystem - change of dominant species (ex: anchovies and sardines) |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength of a given year class determined by survival through a critical period very early in life cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marine fishes time reproduction so larval development matches high productivity periods. |
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Term
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Definition
| First feeding larvae require abundance of food, so patches of local food are very important b/c need is higher than average ocean abundance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mating convention where fish will return to same place to spawn because currents carry larvae into suitable waters for survival. |
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Term
| North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) |
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Definition
| Pressure diff btwn Portugal and Iceland. High NAO = strong winds pushing gulf stream, warmer water northwards, cooler summers, warmer winters in Europe. Low = opposite basically. |
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Term
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Definition
| El Nino Southern Oscillation - El Nino = weak trade winds, less upwelling, east ward flow and expansion of warm water pool. La Nina = opposite, more upwelling and nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon Dioxide, methane, Nitrous oxide, CFCs, water. |
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Term
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Definition
| particles inhibit green house effect |
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Term
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Definition
| 6.5 Gt from fossil fuels, increase of 1.3 Gt per year, 1.7-2 Gt C dissolves in ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by: land and tectonic movements, extraction of terrestrial ground water, expanding warmer ocean water, melting ice sheets/glaciers |
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Term
| response to CO2 - equilibrium times |
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Definition
| CO2 emissions - 0-100 yrs, CO2 stabilization - 100-300 yrs, Temp stabilization - few centuries, Sea level rise due to thermal expansion - centuries to millenia, sea level rise due to ice melting - several millenia |
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Term
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Definition
| Add iron to HNLC regions - increase PP to take up excess CO2. Won't actually make a difference. |
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Term
| Ocean-climate feedback mechanisms |
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Definition
| Albedo, ice ages = more iron, more ice = no deep water forming = continuing ice age, melting permafrost = more CO2 = more melting |
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Term
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Definition
| Glacial/inter glacial cycles - seen by more 18O in water when ice forms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atmosphere - 720 GtC, Ocean - 38k GtC, Rocks - 60,000,000 GtC, organic carbon - 15,000,000 GtC |
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Term
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Definition
| Fan shaped delta, bird foot delta, Estuarine delta |
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Term
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Definition
| High PP, heavily urbanized, extensive agriculture, strong salinity gradients, environmental problems, low diversity of species |
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Term
| Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (ETM) |
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Definition
| Entrapment zone - point where 1ppt isohaline intersects bottom (salt wedge), high zooplankton, turbidity, chl a |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 mi wide at Annapolis, 30 mi at Potomac, 3600 species, avg 21 ft deep, lost oyster beds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diked islands, agricultural delta region, high irrigation, important species - striped bass, Pacific herring |
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Term
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Definition
| Distance from Golden Gate to where Salinity is 2 ppt - proxy for flow, relates to fish production |
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Term
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Definition
| on sea bottom (attached to particles), on pycnoclines, water surface (sea surface microlayer - neuston) |
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Term
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Definition
Pollutant.
Naturally - seeps, rivers, volcanoes, atmosphere, bacteria.
Human - transportation, production, aerosols |
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Term
|
Definition
Pollutant (Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, copper)
Natural - Volcanoes, rivers, sediments, weathering of rocks.
Human - industrial and municipal effluents |
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Term
|
Definition
Pollutant
Natural - rivers, upwelling, atmosphere, bacterial decomposition
Human - municipal effluents, agricultural fertilizers |
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Term
|
Definition
Pollutant
Human only - manufacturing, transportation, agricultural fertilizers, pesticides |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atmospheric oxidation, spreading - tar balls, adsorbed to particles, degradation/assimilation by benthos, chemical breakdown, bacterial degradation, assimilation by plants, mixing into sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| Detergents, Steam, Do Nothing (Best!), bioremediation (fertilize beaches) |
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Term
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Definition
cells - poisoning, cellular damage
organisms - behavioral changes, reduced reproduction, reduced immune response
population - changes in age, size, recruitment, mortality, biomass
community - changes in richness, distribution, trophic interactions, adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| Discharge trapped in estuaries, gives large P and N input, dense plankton blooms, oxygen depletion causes hypoxia and anoxic zones |
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Term
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Definition
| Pesticide, banned in Western countries, used at small levels in Africa to fight malaria |
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Term
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Definition
| changes hydrography, increase turbidity, resuspends buried toxins, lose benthic organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Manganese nodules - very slow growing, phosphorite nodules, metal deposits and sediments - dredging these causes high turbidity and toxic levels of metal in water |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-endemic species, take over new area. Ex: Japanese oyster |
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