Term
What are 4 key elements essential for living processes? |
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Definition
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
Nutrients needed in small amounts. |
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Definition
Essential for photosynthesis,
Constituent of chlorophyll. |
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Definition
Constituent of haemoglobin,
Lack of iron can lead to anaemia |
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Definition
Make nucleic acids,
Constituent of phospholipids |
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Definition
Component of bones, and
Cell wall provide strength |
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Definition
Needed in minute amount (zinc and copper ions) |
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Term
What is a hydrolysis reaction? |
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Definition
A hydrolysis reaction break bonds by using water. |
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Term
What is a condensation reaction? |
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Definition
A reaction that forms bond by releasing water. |
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Term
What do carbohydrates mainly contain? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the main functions of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
1. Storage and release of energy
2.Cellular structure |
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Term
What are the three saccharide classes? |
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Definition
Monosaccharides-monomers
Disaccharides- two monosaccharides
Polysaccharides- large complexes |
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Term
What are the carbohydrates' bonds called? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the general formula of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
How do you know if a glucose is alpha or beta? |
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Definition
ABBA
Alpha Below Beta Above
The OH of the first C is either above or below |
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Term
What are isomers? (Give an example) |
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Definition
Isomers have same chemical formula but different structural formula (e.g. alpha and beta glucose) |
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Term
| Properties of monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| Soluble in water, easily transported in bloodstreams |
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Term
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Definition
Maltose- inside seeds- germination |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Lactose-mammalian milk, source of energy for young's |
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Definition
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Term
Polysaccharide examples. (State whether they're structural or storage) |
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Definition
Starch and Glycogen
Storage
Cellulose and Chitin
Structure |
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Term
What is Starch made up of? (include properties) |
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Definition
Amylose - 1-4 glycosidic bond -linear helix - insoluble
Amylopectin - 1-6 glycosidic bonds - branched - compact - insoluble |
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Term
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Definition
Storage - branched - compact - insoluble - easily hydrolysed - used in respiration - 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure - strong - insoluble - rigid - 1-4 glycosidic bonds - lots of H bonds - each adjacent beta glucose rotated 180 to each other - strong microfibril |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to cellulose (difference is that chitin has acetylamine groups - exoskeleton - lightweight - waterproof - insoluble - 1-4 glycosidic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
Fats- solids at room temperature
oils- liquid at room temperature |
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Term
| What do lipids have that differs them from carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a triglyceride made of? |
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Definition
| Glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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Term
| What does hydrophobic mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does hydrophilic mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of a triglyceride is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic? |
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Definition
| Glycerol is hydrophilic and fatty acids are hydrophobic |
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Term
| What are bonds between lipids called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An alcohol with formula of C3H8O3 |
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Term
| What is a fatty acid's general structure made of? |
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Definition
Methyl group - CH3
Long Hydrocarbon Chain - CH2
Carboxyl group - COOH |
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Term
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides? |
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Definition
Saturated - single bonds, solid at room temperature, maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated- double bond, liquid at room temperature, doesn't have maximum number of hydrogen atoms. |
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Term
| Which is better: LDL or HDL? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does high level of LDL can cause? |
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Definition
| Heart attack, arteries burst (a plaque may form, fat deposits develop restricting blood flow and oxygen. |
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Term
| What are properties of lipids? |
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Definition
| Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents |
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Term
| There are 6 functions of lipids name them. |
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Definition
1.Energy storage
2.Protection of vital organs
3.Thermal insulation
4.Buoyancy
5.Metabolic water
6.Waterproofing |
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Term
| Explain Thermal Insulation for lipids |
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Definition
| Lipids are used as heat insulator-reduces heat loss. |
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Term
| Explain Metabolic Water for lipids |
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Definition
| Lipids are oxidised-important in desert animals whose humps is made of fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Waxes are hydrophobic-reduce water loss. |
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Term
| What is a phospholipid made of? |
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Definition
| A phosphate group, a glycerol and 2 fatty acids. |
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Term
| Is the head or the tail hydrophobic? |
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Definition
Head-hydrophilic
Tail-hydrophobic |
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Term
| Where are phospholipids mainly found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of the structure of an amino acid? |
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Definition
Central Carbon-C
Carboxyl group-COOH
Amine group-NH2
Variable-R (20) makes each amino acid different to another. |
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Term
| Two amino acids form a dipeptide. What is the name of the bond between them? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do Polypeptides form proteins? |
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Definition
| Amino acids>polypeptides>proteins |
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Term
| What is protein primary structure? |
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Definition
| The number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet |
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Term
| What are the secondary structure proteins held by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of secondary structure. |
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Definition
| Keratin, Collagen, Protein Silk |
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Term
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Definition
| More complex 3D shapes - Globular Protein |
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Term
| What are the tertiary structure proteins held by? |
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Definition
| H bonds, Ionic bonds, Disulphide bridges, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic R grps interactions. |
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Term
| Examples of tertiary structures |
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Definition
| Enzymes, Hormones, Plama, Cell membrane proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| More than one polypeptide chain- Held by same bonds as tertiary. e.g.Haemoglobin |
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Term
| What is the difference between Fibrous proteins and Globular protein? |
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Definition
Fibrous-H bonds, Tough, Non-specific, Insoluble, e.g.keratin and collagen
Globular-3rd proteins, compact, specific shape, soluble in water, e.g.enzymes and antibodies. |
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Term
| What is proteins food test? |
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Definition
| Biuret test-light blue to purple |
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Term
| What is starch food test? |
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Definition
| Iodine solution-from orange to blue-black |
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Term
| What is lipids food test? |
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Definition
| Mix equal volume of ethanol and water and shake gently-turns white and cloudy emulsion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Add Benedict's reagent, boil in water bath-lightblue to brick red. |
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Term
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Definition
| Add HCl, HCO3 powder, Benedict's reagent and boil- light blue to brick red |
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Term
| Is H2O polar or non-polar? |
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Definition
| Polar- uneven distribution of charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of H2O molecules to stick together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uneven distribution of force- water forms a skin which can support aquatic plants and animals. |
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Term
| Why is H2O a universal solvent? |
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Definition
| Polar- attract and dissolve other charged particles e.g. Ions and polars. |
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Term
| What is meant by metabolite for H2O? |
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Definition
| That H2O is a reactant in photosynthesis and produced in condensation and aerobic respiration reactions. |
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Term
| What does High Specific Heat Capacity provide? |
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Definition
| A stable environment for aquatic organisms as it prevents dramatic changes in temperature, allows enzymes to stay efficient without becoming denatured. |
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Term
| High Specific Latent Heat Capacity provides a cooling effect how? |
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Definition
| Lots of energy needed to break the H bonds and change from liquid to vapour, heat is removed to evaporate water. |
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Term
| Ice floats on water what does this allow? |
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Definition
| Insulating layer underneath ice. |
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Term
| How does transparency allow photosynthesis of plants underwater? |
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Definition
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