Term
| What are the "quality factors" of Gamma, Beta, Thermal Neutron, Fast Neutron, and Alpha Radiation? |
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Definition
The quality factors are:
Gamma 1
Beta 1
Thermal Neutron 2
Fast Neutron 10
Alpha 20 |
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Term
| What are the Federal Dose Limits for “nuclear workers” |
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Definition
a. Whole Body Limit (head & trunk, male gonads, arms above elbows & legs above knees):
1) 5 rem Total Effective Dose Equivalent per year
b. Skin, extremities and internal organs – 50 rem SDE
per year.
c. Eyes – 15 rem per year |
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Term
| What are the Monticello Administrative Dose Limits? |
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Definition
40% of Federal Limits:
a. 250 mrem per year without radiation exposure history. (NRC-4) (applies to new employees or contractors who do not know there current annual dose)
b. 2 rem per year without First Line Supervisor approval.
c. 4 rem per year without Department Manager approval with RPM concurrence. |
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Term
| What are the two basic types of cell damage? |
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Definition
| 1. Direct cellular damage 2. Indirect effect |
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Term
| Describe direct cellular damage. What is it? What are potential results? |
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Definition
a) Direct cellular damage is when the incident radiation causes damage by directly striking the cell nucleus.
(1) The cell may repair itself
(2) The cell may die
(3) The cell may become a mutant and not
reproduce |
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Term
| Describe "indirect effect" type cellular damage. What is it? What are potential results? |
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Definition
Indirect effect
a) When the incident radiation interacts with the cytoplasm and causes the formation of free radicals.
b) The free radicals are extremely chemically reactive and cause cell damage.
c) This cell damage would be indirectly from the radiation. |
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Term
| Define Acute whole-body radiation exposure. |
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Definition
| An acute whole body dose is a large dose received in a short period of time to the whole-body or portion of the body as defined by 10CFR20. |
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Term
| List Effects of acute whole body exposure at 0-100 rem, 100-200 rem, 200-300 rem, 300 rem and above. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Chronic radiation exposure. Compare to Accute radiation exposure. |
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Definition
Chronic dose is a dose received over a long period of time. A radiation worker receives a chronic dose during his/her years working in the nuclear industry.
b) An acute dose is more damaging than a
chronic dose in the short term.
(1) For chronic dose the cells have time to be replaced or repair themselves. |
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Term
| Define internal contamination and state why it is harmful. |
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Definition
Internal contamination is contamination,
which is inside the body.
(a) It increases exposure to vital
organs.
(b) It can be retained in the body long
periods of time causing high exposure to selected portions of the body. |
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