Term
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Definition
| A baby conceieved by a new reproductive technology where the nucleus of one woman's egg cell is inserted into another woman's egg cell and then fertilized by sperm. There are three genomes present; both biological parents, plus the mitochondral genome of the egg donor. Used if a woman has a mitochondrial disease she does not want to pass on to her children. |
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Term
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Definition
| In September 2001 there was a terrorist attack on the US World Trade Centre. A year later, between 12% and 35% of witnesses suffered from PTSD. A lot of dust was released during the disaster, whcih could be cancer-causing. Rescue workers who were involved are more likely to develop autoimmune disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of blood types including type A, B, AB, and O. There are A antigens and B antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
"I am ready"
The fifth and final stage of dying. Stops battling with emotions. Becomes tired and weak. Need for sleep increases. Wakeful periods are less frequent. Becomes passive towards death. Void of feelings or pain. May no longer welcome visitors or wish to engage in conversation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organs that are not part of the GI tract, but play a role in digestion. Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of secretion in the GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Ketosis
Build-up of ketone bodies in the blood. Occurs during extended starvation, untreated diabetes, or low-carbohydrate diets. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition caused by a tumour in the anterior pituitary gland. GH secretion increases in adulthood, causing bones to thicken but not to lengthen. The person has an enlarged tongue, hands, feet, and face. Life expectancy is reduced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscle protein involved in contraction of skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body actively defends itself by producing memory B and T cells. Occurs naturally or is induced by a vaccination. Effect is delayed but long-lasting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low back pain lasting less than 6 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A source of stress. Difficulty adapting to life's changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjustment where the mind and body attempt to restore homeostasis. Varies in intensity and manifestation based on individual, stressor, and timing of stressor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition caused by defiiency in aldosterone and cortisol. An auto-immune disorder where the immune system destorys cells of the adrenal cortex. Weight loss, fatigue, electrolyte imbalance, poor appetite, poor resistnce to stress, and bronzing of the skin. May be caused by inadequate ACTH secretion from the pituitary gland. Treated with hormone tablets. John F. Kennedy had Addison's disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of cartilage. Mediate the molecular interactions between chondrocytes and collagen fibrils. Fibronectin, chondronectin, and anchorin CII. |
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Term
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Definition
| The parenchymal cells of adipose tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that regulates blood glucose. Effects are similar to leptin. Found at 100 times the concentration of leptin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes endocrine glands that release over 100 factors that regulate the metabolism of fat, carbohydrates, and protein, including leptin. Its parenchymal cells are adipocytes. Stores triglycerides. On the periphery of the body and around internal organs. Varies in size and shape from one individual to the next; in men it is an average of 20% of body weight; in women 25%. Too much adipose tissue is associated with cancer, arthritis, heart disease, and diabetes. Lack of adipose tissue is lipotoxicity. |
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Term
| Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The outer part of an adrenal gland. Secretes twenty different lipid-soluble glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and gonadocorticoids. Secretion is stimulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| The less energetic form of ATP. Also acts as an autorine signal in activated platelets. |
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Term
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Definition
"Upon kidney"
Endocrine glands each about the size of an almond. There is one above each kidney. Has two parts: the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner part of an adrenal gland. Secretes water-soluble hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| A pituitary hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Released by the hypothalamus during stress response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Live in environments in which free oxygen is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Discrimination based on age. |
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Term
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Definition
| A clump of red blood cells when they have come into contact with an antibody in the plasma which matches their blood type markers. Indicates blood type in blood tests. If it occurs within the body, due to a mismatched blood donation, or hemolytic disease of the newborn, it can be fatal; blood vessels are blocked, cells may break open, releasing hemoglobin that clogs filtering systems in the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of life changes that occur in species as they grow older. |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells that lack granules, or have very small granules. Includes monocytes and lymphocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first step of GAS. A stressor is perceived. Slight drop in homeostasis. Fight or flight response. Emotional stimulation starts a physical reaction. ANS is activated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth step in the immune response. Effector helper T cells activvate naive B cells and naive cytotoxic T cells. This step may take hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most abundant type of plasma protein. Important for water balancing of blood. Transports fatty acids in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Can only work if TH is present. Deficiency in aldosterone can cause Addison's disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third step in the immune response. Specific helper T cells are activated by macrophages, usually in the lymph nodes. The macrophage and helper T cells must collide. Antigen binds to helper T cell MHC marker. |
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Term
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Definition
| An antigen which is not actually harmful to the body, but can cause an allergic reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the body is exposed to allergen, mast cells are triggered by IgE antibodies and release granules of histamine and other chemicals. Swelling, release of mucous, and contraction of smooth muscle. Includes hay fever, asthma attack, food allergies, hives, and anaphylactic shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| An overreaction by the immune system to an allergen. Exposure to allergens causes an allergic reaction. Treated with antihistamines, or by gradually desensitizing the immune system to the allergen by repeated exposure; over time IgGs are released instead of IgEs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phrase coined by Sterling and Eyer in 1988. Takes into account that internal environments of homeostasis are not constant. There are variations in set point. The body works to maintain a constant state of change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the pancreas that secrete glucagon. |
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Term
| Alveolar epithelial cells |
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Definition
| The parenchymal cells of the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of dementia. A chronic condition involving changes in nerve fibres of the brain; results in mental disorientation. Can be prevented with education and cognitive activities. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Proteins
An essential nutrient. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme released by the small intestine. Digests peptides into amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the brain. An almond-shaped structure involved in processing and remembering strong emotions such as fear. Located in the temporal lobe just in front of the hippocampus. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme produced by the pancreas. Digests polysaccharides into disaccharides. |
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Term
| Anabolic androgenic steroids |
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Definition
| A drug prohibited at all times in sporting competitions. Includes exogenus AAS, endogenous AAS, and other anabolic agents. The effective dose is more than what the body would create. The dose of hormone and hormone agonist is not timed to mimic natural hormone production. Used by athletes, movie stars, and musicians. Makes the person hyper-muscular and allows for more continuous training. Has side effects and risks; the person takes on an impulsive, quick-to-rage personality, and has increased risk for pancreatisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in the synthesis and storage of fuel. Example; insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Live in environments in which free oxygen is absent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third segment of the large intestine. Feces is propelled through it during defecation. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Allergic reaction
Caused by insect stings (bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, fire ants), medicines (penicillin, tetracycline), or foods (eggs, seafood, nuts, grains). Occurs within minutes of exposure to allergens. Mast cells throughout the body react, causing widening of blood vessels and blood pooling in capillaries, resulting in dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, unconsciousness, and sometimes death. |
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Term
| Andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
aka Corticotropin
A tropic hormone. Stimulates synthesis and release of glucocorticoid hormones from the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gonadocorticoid secreted by the testis and adrenal cortex. Lipid-soluble. Develop male secondary sex characteristics. Includes testosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of the circulatory system. Blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen. Too little hemoglobin or too few red blood cells. Fatigue, headache, dizziness, paleness, breathlessness, and increased heart rate to compensate for low oxygen in the blood, which can cause heart palpitations. Includes iron-deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, and lead poisoning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood pressure causes a weakened artery wall to expand outwards. Most do not cause symptoms, but there is risk of it bursting, causing blood deprivation in the area, which can be fatal. May form an embolus, which can be fatal. Treated with surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
"Why me?"
The second stage of death. Anger at the prospect of dying. May be directed at loved ones and caregivers. |
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Term
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Definition
"Strangle"
A suffocation, vise-like, choking sensation that occurs during physical exertion or emotional stress. Caused by ischemia. The muscles of hte heart have an oxygen shortage. Treated with surgery or vasodilators such as nitroglycerin, or beta blockers. |
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Term
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Definition
"Cardic catheterization"
A catheter is threaded through blocked heart arteries and releases X-ray visible dye. Used to diagnose heart diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A surgery that treats coronary artery disease. The plaque-lined section of the coronary artery is widened with a balloon that is inserted with a catheter and inflated in the right spot, pushing plaque against the wall. A stent prevents the artery from collapsing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone interaction. The effect of one hormone is the opposite of another. Example: glucagon and insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The larger lobe of the pituitary gland. Connected to th ehypothalamus by the circulatory system. Secretions are controlle dby releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. Secretes GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Immunoglobulin (Ig)
A Y-shaped protein that recognizes and binds to two of a specific antigen, based on shape. Includes IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IfE antigesns. Act by precipitation, lysis, attraction of phagocytes, and neutralization (PLAN). |
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Term
| Antibody-mediated immune response |
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Definition
| Humoral-mediated immunity. A line of defense in immune response. Defends against antigens that travel freely in fluid; toxins, bacteria, viruses. Naive B cells from plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells release antibodies. |
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Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
aka Vasopressin
A hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Constricts blood vessels adn raises blood pressure in times of severe blood loss. Conserves body water by causing kidneys to remove water from urine and return t to the blood. Alcohol decreases its secretion, causing more urine to be produced. The dehydration that follows is a hangover. An ADH deficiency causes diabetes insipidus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A foreign molecule that is recognized as a "foe" and is attacked by the immune system. Usually a large molecule such as a protein, polysaccharide, or nucleic acid. Often on the surface of an invasive organism. |
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Term
| Antigen-presenting cell (APC) |
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Definition
| Cells that take up pieces of antigens while digesting pathogens, incorporates them into the MHC marker, and presents them to helper T cells. Includes macrophages and dendritic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The terminal outlet of the GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main artery of the body. Delivers blood to all body tissues. Receives blood from the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve. Arches over the top of the heart and gives rise to smaller arteries that flow to all arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| The semilunar valve which prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle. Prone to stenosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cessation of vital physiological functions, particularly the hearbeat in breathing. However, recovery is still possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the appendix. Caused by infection of the appendix after it becomes blocked. Bacteria in the appendix multiply, causing infection. Bloating, indigestion, pain in the navel region, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Treated with antibiotics and surgical remoal of the appendix. If untreated the appendix could rupture, causing peritonitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dead-end extension of the cecum. Has no digestive function. May play a role in the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of the breast. A pink or brown pigmented area surrounding the nipple. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irregular heartbeat. Miscommunication in the heart. Young people may have it, but it is more pronounced in older people. Can accumulate into fibrillation. Includes tachycardia and bradycardia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrower arteries. Have smooth muscle and a thinner outer layer. Lead to capillaries. Regulate blood flow and pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation of precapillary sphincters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood vessels that bring blood from the heart to capillaries. Drawn in red. Higher pressure and thicker walls than veins. Blood is oxygenated, except for in pulmonary arteries. Give rise to arterioles. Elastic fibres allow arteries to tolerate pulses. Effected by aneurysms and atherosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replace heart valves damaged by stenosis. Last for over 20 years. Could form clots; consistent anticoagulant therapy is necessary. Could get stuck. Vulnerable to backflow and regurgitation. Include ball & cage, tilt-disc, and leaflet designs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Implanted below the skin. Sends electrical stimulus to the heart when needed. Prevents ventricular fibrillation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first segment of the colon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that inhibits the function of platelet-attracting chemicals, thus hampering blood clotting. Can treat atherosclerosis. Treats pain by counter-acting chemicals produced by damaged tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| An allergic reaction. Caused by pollen, mold spores, and animal dander. Mast cells in the airways of the lower respiratory tract react, causing difficulty breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A surgery that treats atherosclerosis. A catheter is snaked up an artery and used to hack away at the fatty buildup. Not as effective as an angioplasty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Build-up of fatty plaque on artery walls. Can lead to atherosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
"Yellow hardening"
A cardiovascular disease. A build-up of calcified fatty substances in the walls of arteries. The artery is narrower. A damaged artery begins to collect LDLs, which cause an inflammatory response in the artery, which leads to thickening of artery muscle layer. A layer of fatty plaque forms in the lumen. If it ruptures, a thrombus could occur that could trigger a heart attack or stroke, which could be fatal. Can cause ischemia and angina pectoris. Symptoms different in men and women. Treated with healthy lifestyle and diet, drugs that lwoer blood pressure, cholesterol, or blood clotting agents, such as Aspirin. Nitroglycerin (dilates veins), calcum channel blockers, and beta blockers. |
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Term
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Definition
Adenosine triphosphate
A molecule with utilizable chemical energy. Transfers energy for all cellular functions in the body in coupled reactions. It is not storesd. About 60% of energy is lost to heat. Astrocytes and neurons release ATP, influencing sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first stage in systole in cardiac cycle. Both atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles. Signaled by the SA node. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Bundle of His
A series of muscle fibres on the septum, which divides to the left and right sides of the heart and branches into Purkinje fibres. Carries the signal sent from the AV node and SA node. |
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Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) node |
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Definition
| A cluster of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium on the septum. Receives a signal from the SA node. Sends the signal along the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibres. |
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Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) valves |
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Definition
| Valves that prevent backflow from a ventricle into an atrium. Includes the tricuspid and mitral valves. Cusps are attached to the walls of the ventricle via chordae tendinae. When they close it makes the "lub" sound in a heartbeat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The upper chambers of the heart. There are two; the left and right. Smaller than ventricles, and with thinner walls. The AV valves lead from atria to ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The A in PLAN. A way that antiboies defend against antigens. Phagocytes are attracted to the area and engulf and destroy foreign material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual disturbances such as blind spots, zigzag line, flashing lights. Auditory hallucinations. Numbness. A sign of the onset of a migraine headache. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the immune system fails to distinguish between self and non-self and attacks tissues/organs in the body. Includes rheumatic fever, and organ-specific and organ-non-specific autoimmune disorder. |
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Term
| Autonimc nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
| The portion of the CNS that regulates body functions and is not consciously controlled. Consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Uses information about inner conditions from the somatic nervous system to involuntarily maintain homeostasis. Alters digestive activity, open/closes blood vessels, and alters heart rate and breath rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Manufacture their own food. Most use energy from sunlight. |
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Term
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Definition
aka B lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow. Antigen-presenting cells. Activated by helper T cells. Invovled in antibody-mediated immune response. Includes naive B cells, plasma cells, and memory B cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Rod-shaped. The most numerous type of bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of low back pain. Releif by stretching. Comes in spasms. There is no nerve damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental stressors such as heat, humidity, or noise, that result in GAS even though we may be unaware of it. Living in constant background distressors can resut in stress-related desorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single celled organisms. Have one piece of DNA. Consume nutrients from the environment. There are ten times more bacterial cells than human cells on a normal human being: only 1% of DNA in our body mass is human DNA. The cover us, digest foods, produce vitamins, and train the immune system. Can cause diseases including lyme disease, toxic shock, food poisoning, ulcers, and cholera. Communicate using quorum sensing. Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic. Can be aerobic or anaerobic. Reproduce by binary fission, budding, or conjugation. Either gram-positive or gram-negative. Classified by shape into bacilli, cocci, and spirilla. |
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Term
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Definition
| A commensal bacteria species present in lean people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain integrates sense of body position via visual, vetsibular, and somato sensors, and corrects body position to balance, making standing possible. |
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Term
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Definition
"If I am allowed to live, I promise ..."
The third stage of dying. Resolves to be a better person in return for extension of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| A granulocyte. Resleases histamine, triggered by IgEs, attracting other white blood cells to the area of inflammation, and widens blood vessels. Plays a role in allergic reactions. Bi-lobed nucleus. Large, purple-staining granules in the cytoplasm. 20 - 50 cells per mm3 of blood. Last 3 - 72 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The loss or deprivation experienced when a loved one dies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug prohibited at all times in sports competitions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that treat coronary heart disease. Controls the reactivity of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by the pancreas and small intestine. Released into the small intestine. A buffer that counteracts the acidity of chyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Emulsifis fats into small droplets, increasing surface area for lipase to work. Contains water, ions, cholesterol, bile pigmets, and bile salts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The broken down form of hemoglobin, produced in the liver from worn-out red blood cells. It is released in bile. Colours feces. If the liver is unable to filter it from the blood, it can cause jaundice. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of bacterial reproduction. Adult bacteria split apart to form two new bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relative age or condition of a person's organs and body systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replace heart valves damaged by stenosis. Usually pig heart valves. A form of xenotransplantation. Requires immunosuppression therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A microscopic examination of tumour tissue to determine if cancer is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| A taste caused by quinine. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Acidic urine washes microbes from the urethra. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fluid of the lymphatic system. Provides transportation, protection, and regulation. A connective tissue. Formed elements including platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells, are suspended in plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are 30 steps of blood clotting. In the event of damage to a blood vessel, injured cells and platelets release clotting factors which activate prothrombin activator, which turns prothrombin into thrombin, which turns fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin makes a web that traps blood cells and forms a clot that prevents from further blood loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eligible if at least 17 years old, and 110 lbs. Takes 10 to 20 minutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of the circulatory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. Should be high enough to move blood through the body, but not so high that it stresses the blood vessels and heart. Factors affecting blood pressure include age, time of day, physical activty, stress, and lifestyle. Measured by a sphygmomanometer. There is systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence or absence of marker proteins on blood cells. The body produces antibodies that attack blood cells carrying non-matching marker proteins, makking agglutinates. Includes ABO blood types and Rh factor blood types. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vessel of the cardiovascular system. Arteries, capillaries, and veins. The inner layer is squamous epithelium. The middle layer is smooth muscle and elastic fibres. The outer layer is connective tissue. Has a hollow lumen. High velocity vessels have low surface area for direct, rapid conductance of blood. Low velocity vessels have large surface area for optimal materials exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of the world with high numbers of older people. Nicoya, Costa Rica. Ikaria, Greece. |
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Term
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Definition
| An easily swallowed lump of food formed by the tongue, teeth, and saliva in the mouth. It is pushed towards the pharynx and swallowed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stem cell pool of the lymphatic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cure for leukemia. A close match for bone marrow must be found, such as a family relative. Existing bone marrow is killed with radiation and/or drugs, and the donor's bone marrow is injected into the blood and finds its way into the bones. Transplants with stem cells from umbilical cords can be successful. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of arrhythmia. An abnormally slow heartbeat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Its parenchymal cells are neurons. Uses large amounts of glucose. Does not store any primary fuels. Astrocytes control nutrient flow to neurons and can make glycogen, ketone bodies, and lactate if needed. Has two cerebral hemispheres. Controls voluntary movement, and regulates cognitive funtions including thinking, learning, speaking, memory, and decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cessation of brain function. Loss of all reflexes and electrical activity of the brain. Irreversible coma. Confirmed using an electroencephalogram. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the brain. Sits at the base of the brain. Connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain. Controls functions that happen automatically; heart rate, blood pressure, breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of milk glands, ducts that lead to the nipple, the nipple, areola, and connective tissue. Development begins in the sixth week of fetal life. Initially develops in the milk ridge. Female breasts begin to grow at puberty at age 10 or 11. Fat and fibrous breast tissue becomes more elastic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer occurring in the breast. |
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Term
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Definition
| The infant stimulates nerve receptors in the nipples. Nerve impulses travel to the hypothalamus, which signals the posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin, which travels through the blood to the mammary glands. Milk is then ejected from the mammary glands. |
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Term
| Brown adipose tissue (BAT) |
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Definition
| Energy-dissipating. Responsible for adaptive thermogenesis in cold. |
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Term
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Definition
| After an injury, tiny blood vessels are blocked and blood becomes deoxygenized and turns a dark colour. As red blood cells regenerate, the area turns yellow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands in the small intestine which produce bicarbonate ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fuzzy surface on the mucosa layer of the small intestine formed by villi and microvillia. Increases surface area for absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of reproduction in bacteria. A small outgrowth on a parent bacteria develops into a new bacteria. |
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Term
| Building specific defences |
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Definition
| The fifth step in the immune response. Clonal selection. Naive B cells form plasma cells and memory B cells. Naive cytotonic T cells divide, forming memory cytotoxic T cells and effector cytotoxic T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A source of stress. Physical and mental exhaustion as a result of continuous overload. People with demanding jobs often have burnout. |
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Term
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Definition
| An antagonist at cell-surface adenosine receptors. An inhibitor of cycllic AMP phosphodiesterase. Readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland. Decreases blood levels of calcium and phosphate. When blood calcium levels are too high, it stimulates absorption of calcium by bones and inhibits osteoclasts. Stimulates initial increase in the excretion of calcium in the urine. Works in a negative feedback loop with PTH to maintain calcium homeostasis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds to troponin, leading to changes in muscle proteins, causing muscle contractions. Causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, making it critical for nerve impulses. Blood calcium is maintained in a negative feedback loop by CT and PTH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by low calcium in the diet or by damage to the parathyroid glands. Muscle spasms, nervousness, and irritability. In severe cases, the larynx may become paralyzed and the person may die from suffoction. Treated with calcium supplements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a tumour in the parathyroid glands, causing excess PTH secretion. Calcium is pulled from bone tissue, causing increased blood calcium and weakened bones. May lead to kidney stones, calcium deposits in soft tissue, and decreased nervous system activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large group of diseases. A malfunction of the immune system. Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Risks include lifestyle, smoking, obesity, biological factors, occupation, environmental factors, social factors, psychological factors, chemicals in foods, infectious diseases, HBV and HCV (liver cancer), HPV (cervical cancer), and medical factors. Includes carcinoma, sarcom, lymphoma, and leukemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A body cell that has had its genes altered and can no longer regulate cell division. If unstopped, they may multiply until they take over the body, upsetting homeostasis, choking pathways, and causing pain and death. They occur regularily in the body, but are destroyed by NK cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teeth that tear food. There are four. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug banned in-competition during sporting competitions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A microscopic blood vessel between arterioles and venules. The site of nutrient, waste, and fluid exchange at a local level. Red blood cells pass through in single file. Walls are one capillary cell thick; substances pass through and around theses cells. Form capillary beds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Networks of 10 - 100 capillaries. Arterioles leading to capillary beds have precapillary sphincters. Blood leaves capillary beds by osmotic pressure. Capillary beds are close to every cell in the body. Surface area is enormous. Blood moves very slowly through them, increasing time for exchange of materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teh cells in the walls of capillaries. The walls are one cell thick. Substances pass through and around these cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscles. Quickly and easily metabolized for use in a wide range of cell types. Requires hydrated storage; bulky and low energy density. 1% of stored energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A waste produced by all cells. Binds to hemoglobin at a site other than the heme ring. Most carbon dioxide is taken from cells dissolved in the plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product of incomplete combustion. An odourles, tasteless gas. Hemoglobin binds to it 200 times more readily than oxygen. Once carbon monoxide is bound, hemoglobin cannot bind to oxygen. Deadly. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme produced by the pancreas. Digests polypeptides into amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer of epithelial tissues. Breast, lung, intestine, skin, and mouth cancer. Metastasizes through the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Forms solid tumours. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated systole and diastole. |
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Term
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Definition
| The parenchymal cells of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. |
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Term
| Cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
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Definition
| The single biggest killer in the US. Kills more men than women because estrogen protects against it. A class of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Includes atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, and rheumatic heart disease. Risks are genetic, hypertension, high blood fat, physical inactivity, stress, obesity, and diabetes. Men, and individuals of African, South Asian, or First Nations descent are at higher risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, delivering blood to the whole body. The body has 6 L of blood. Kidneys filter blood and control volume, pressure, and oxygen carrying capacity. There is an hierarchy of organs which get the freshest blood: brain > heart muscle > GI tract & liver > kidneys > skeletal muscle > skin > skeleton, fat & other tissues. Heart rate, diameter of blood vessels, and composition of blood are tailored to the body's changing needs, sustaining life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arteries that deliver blood to the head and brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A smooth and spongy material that covers the bones of joints. Composed of chondrocytes, matrix, proteoglycans, adhesives, and collagen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in the breakdown and use of fuel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clouding of the lens of the eye that interrupts the focusing of light on the retina, resulting in blurred vision or eventual blindess. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress hormones that regulate blood sugar. Stimulate glucose production in the liver and promoting lipolysis. Include epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dead-end pouch at the junction of the small and large intestine. The appendix is attached to it |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual death of cells of the body. Timing depends on the tissue. |
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Term
| Cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
| A line of defense in the immune response. Protects against cellular pathogens, cells infected by viruses, and cancer cells. Naive cytotoxic T cells produce memory cytotoxic T cells and effector cytotoxic T cells. Effector cytotoxic T cells destroy the cellular pathogens by releasing perforins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue which holds the root of teeth in the gums. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clocks in the brain. Set by zeitgebers. Information is then sent to peripheral clocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the mouth. Mastication and salivary secretion. Under autonomic control. Food is softened and lubricated. Amylase and some lipase is added. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sits above the brain stem and beneath the occipital lobe. Plays a role in balance, co-ordination, and learning motor skills. Has two hemispheres. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Have an outer cerebral cortex where sensory information is processed. The hemispheres each have four lobes: frontal, prietal, occipital, and temporal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fluid of the lymphatic system. Found in the brain and spine. Does not form clots. Has some white blood cells in it. Different protein composition than lymph. |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid vessel |
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Definition
| A vessel of the lymphatic system. Cerebrospinal fluid drains into the circulatory and lymphatic system at various points outside of the brain. Effected by hydrocephalus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviations outside of the predictive range of a variable in allostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaking of chemical bonds in complex molecules in food, creating smaller subunits that can be absorbed in the bloodstream. Enzymes in saliva, gastric juice, and secretions of the liver, pancreas, and small intestine. |
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Term
| Chemical surface barriers |
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Definition
| Part of the body's first line of defence against pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sensory receptor. Detect chemicals. Includes gustation and olfaction. Monitor levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and glucose in body fluis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "love drug". Cocoa polyphenols of the cocoa bean have anti-inflammatory activity. Lowers hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone released by the small intestine triggered by chyme in the small intestine. Triggers release of enzymes from the pancreas and contraction of the gallblader, releasing bile. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of cartilage. Control matrix turnover through the production of collagen, proteoglycans, and enzymes for cartilage metabolisms. |
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Term
|
Definition
aka Heart strings
Connect the cusps of the AV valves to the walls of the ventricles. Prevents the cusps from flapping back into the atria. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of motility in the GI tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low back pain that lasts over 12 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Micelles of fat that enter the small intestine where they form triglycerides and combine with cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein, forming chylomicron complexes which are water-soluble. They enter into lacteals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Food mixed with gastric juice. Produced in the stomach. Acidic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A digestive enyme produced in the pancreas. Digests proteins and polypeptides into smaller fragments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of the GI tract. Arranged in rings. Causes constriction of the GI tract when contracted. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, and cerebrospinal fluids. Fluids are blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and extracellular fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The liver becomes fatty and deteriorates and is replaced with scar tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of specialized clones. Occurs during the building specific defense step of the immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of the circulatory system. Platelets and clotting factors are affected. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Spherical bacteria. Include diplococci (occur in pairs), staphylococci (occur in clusters), and streptococci (occur in chains). |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological system that governs emotional response to stress. Recognizes and assesses stressors based on self-concept, past experiences, and emotions. Emotions we feel are closely related to memory storage neurons. Makes decisions about how to best cope with stresses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of cartilage. Mostly type II collagen in hyalie collagen. Forms a cartilaginous framework to provide tensile strength. Collagen ad proteoglycans interweave to form cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a bypass naturally forms around a block in the coronary artery without medical intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first segmet of the large intestine. Absorbs 90% of water and some sodium and potassium ions. Has three segments: the ascending, transverse, and descending colon. Turns chyme into feces. Houses about 50 species of commesal bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fibre-optic tube is snaked down the entre colon and screened for polyps. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The second most deadly type of cancer. Early detection and treatment reduces chaces of death. A polyp forms and becomes cancerous. This can take up to 10 years. Polyps are detected by sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unresponsive to all sensory input and cannot be awakened. Caused by damage to regions of the brain responsible for stimulating the cerebrum: reticular activating system or thalamus, by head injury, tumour, infection, drug overdose, or failure of the liver or kidney. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Heat |
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Term
|
Definition
"Good bacteria"
Live in the mucous layer of the colon, close to epithelial cells. About 50 species of beneficial bacteria, including E. coli. Eat undigested food and materials we are unable to digest, making up to 15% of the energy we absorb (as volatile fatty acids). Release gasses causing flatulence, produce vitamin K and some B vitamins which can be absorbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conects the gallbladder to the small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress puts you at increased risk for colds, even when controlling for smoking, alcohol use, personality traits, self-esteem, introversion/extroversion, and mood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of a number of diseases at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of at least 20 different defensive proteins. Circulate the body in an inactive form. Activated by infections. Has non-specific and specific mechanisms. Destroys pathogens by making pores in cells causing them to burst. Attracts macrophages and neutrophils and gives them a better "grip" on the pathogen. Causes inflammation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The whole is bigger that the sum of its parts. Exists at all levels of natural organizatio. Functions emerge that are not properties of any of the parts. An interplay between order and chaos. Include networks, cells, organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A source of stress. Simultaneous existence of incompatible demads, opportunities, needs, or goals. Behaviours that are incongruent with pressures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiovascular disease that is present at birth. Heart murmurs due to valve irregularities. Some must be corrected surgically. Caused by hereditary diseases such as rubella, or alcohol intake during pregnancy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of cardiovascular disease. When a heart attack or diseases renders the heart unable to continue pumping blood to the lungs and body at an adequate rate. Shortness of breath, fatigue, weakess, fluid accumulation in lungs and limbs. Treated with drugs such as digitalis, diuretics, or vasodilators. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Sexual reproduction
A method of reproduction in bacteria. Two bacteria unite to form a zygote that splits into new bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| When feces is too hard. Too much water is absorbed by the colon. Causes difficult defecation, and straining of the veins in the anus, rectum, and iner wall of the colon. Could cause a diverticula. |
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Term
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Definition
| The seventh step in the immune response. Memory cells remain behind. In the event of a reinfection, secondary response is faster and more efficent. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who are less sensitive to stressors and may react less intensely than most people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure used to spot areas in the coronar arteries narrowed by coronary artery disease. A catheter is inserted into the artery of an arm or leg and snaked into the heart, where a dye visible by X-rays is released, and blood flow through the heart is monitored. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Arteries that deliver blood to the heart muscles. The first two arteries to branch off of the aorta. Branched, giving rich blood supply to the heart. Part of coronary circulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atherosclerosis fatty deposits form in the coronary arteries. Cause most major heart attacks. Temporary oxygen shortages in the heart cause angina. Detected with coronary angiography. Treated with angioplasty, coronary bypass, or angina treatments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A temporary blockage of the coronary artery. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A surgery that treats coronar artery disease. Done if angioplasty is not possible. A segment of a leg vein is removed and grafted into the heart, providing one or more alternate pathways which bypass the obstruction between aorta and coronary artery. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A network of blood vessels that nourish the muscles of the heart. Includes the coronary arteries and cardiac veins. |
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Term
| Coronary heart disease (CHD) |
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Definition
| A disease of the cardiovascular system that develops over time. Risks include family history, and lifestyle. Narrowing of the blood vessels that supply the heart, raising blood pressure. Stress is a contributing factor, due to the sympathetic nervous system narrowing blood vessels. Increased fatty acids in the blood could lead to atheroma. Increased clotting ability due to catecholamines could lead to thrombosis and occlusion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A blood clot blocking a coronary artery. Causes a heart attack. Unlikely to happen unless coronary artery dsease is present, but sometimes the clot forms elsewhere and travels to the coronary artery. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex when stimulated by ACTH during stress response. Deficiency in cortisol can cause Addison's disease. Facilitates the release of stored nutrients to meet energy demands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| There are 21 pairs. Arise from the brain and service specific structures of the head and certain body parts such as the heart and diaphragm. Some have only sensory fibres, some only motor fibres, and some have both. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition caused by a deficiency in TH secretion during fetal development or infancy. Affects 1 in every 3000 people. Dwarfism and delayed mental and sexual development. Symptoms may not appear until after birth because in utero the mother may supply sufficient TH. Infants are tested at birth for cretinism. Treated with oral doses of TH. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of IBD. Inflammation of the outer wall of an part of the GI tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The portion of a tooth above the gum line. Consists of an outer layer of enamel overtop a layer of dentin overtop the pulp cavity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Body fat is redistributed and fluid accumulates in the face. Fatigue, high blood pressure, and elevated glucose levels. May be caused by a tumour on the adrenal cortex or anterior pituitary gland (produces ACTH). Treated with radiation, drugs, or surgery. May be caused by glucocorticoid treatments for asthma, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of AV valves and semilunar valves. Flaps of connective tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease of the pancreas. A disorder of secretion into the GI tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals which promote local immunity. Helper T cells amplify their signal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The final cessation of vital organs and the state in which these functions are incapable of being restored. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disorder of the veins. A clot forms in a vein, often in the calf. There is a tendency to become more clotted. Blood pools in the limb. Painful and life-threatening. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Expulsion of feces. The internal and external anal sphincters relax and defecation reflex propels feces through the anal canal. Voluntary contractions of the abdominal muscles may help expel feces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscles contract and feces is propelled through the anal canal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sixth step in the immune response. Plasma cells release antibodies. Effector cytotoxic T cells cause cells to burst. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of the body's second line of defense against pathogens. Includes phagocytes, eosinophils, and NK cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of the body's second line of defense against pathogens. Includes interferons and complements. |
|
|
Term
| Degenerative disk disease |
|
Definition
| The disk tears over time. Can be very painful in some people and not in others. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A disorder of the circulatory system. The circulatory system collapses. Blood becomes thicker until it is impossible to pump and the whole system clots up. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells in the pancreas that secrete somatostatin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mental disorientation, loss of memory, and judgement and orientation problems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A non-parenchymal defense cell of myeloid origin. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Not me, there must be a mistake"
The first stage of death. Shock and disbelief. Intellectuall accepts the situation, but emotionally rejects it. Confused and stunned. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by acid secreted by bacteria on teeth when they digest sugars. Enamel on the crown of the tooth is eroded away. If severe, bacteria may infect the dentin and pulp. Blood vessels in the tooth may widen to fight infection, causing a toothache. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The layer in the crown of a tooth between the pulp cavity and the enamel. Hard and bone-like. |
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|
Term
| Depression (mental illness) |
|
Definition
| A disease that affects the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Depression (stages of dying) |
|
Definition
"I am really dying and there is nothing that can be done"
The fourth stage of dying. Usually sets in when deteriorating physical condition becomes more severe. Feeling of doom, loss, worthlessness, guilt. May feel responsible for emotional suffering of loved ones, and the seemingly futile efforts of caregivers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The last segment of the colon. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The second step in the immune response. Macrophgaes detect foreign cells/molecules and engulf them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Includes type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Can cause cardiovascular disease, eye disease and blindness, kidney disease, amputations, pregnancy complications, and the flu. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Overflow tasteless"
A condition caused by damage to the posterior pituitary gland or hypothalamus. There is a deficiency in ADH secretion. The person has excessive urine production and constant dehydration. Severe cases may result in death from dehydration. Treated with an ADH nasal spray. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Overflow honey"
Over 120 million people have it worldwide. A disease of the pancreas. Abnormally high level of glucose in the blood. Large amounts of glucose are lost in the urine as a result of an insulin deficiency. Increased production of urine. Increased risk for blindness, kidney damage, heart disease, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, gum disease, nerve damage, loss of sensation, poor circulation to lower limbs. Includes type 1 and type 2 diabetes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An eating disorder in diabetic people. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A method of the GI tract or for expelling noxious substances. When feces is too watery. Not enough water is absorbed by the colon. Can be caused by toxins from microorganisms that cause colon contrctions, or excess foods or alocoholic drink. Can lead to dehydration. A major cause of death worldwide. Especially dangerous in infants and young children. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stage in cardiac cycle. Relaxation of the heart. Consists of early diastole and later diastole. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood pressure during diastole when the heart rests. The lowest blood pressure in the cardiac cycle. A healthy diastolic pressure is 70 - 80 mmHg. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Breaks down the complex molecules in food into subunits which are absorbed into the bloodstream, providing fuel and building blocks. Consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. |
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|
Term
| Digital cardiac angiography |
|
Definition
| A computer-aided imaging that records pictures of the heart and blood vessels. Used to diagnose heart disease. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A drug that increases the strength of heart contractions. Helps prevent heart failures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two antibody monomers bound to each other. There are four binding sites. Inclures IgAs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Stress produces physiological changes that directly lead to illnesses, particularly when stress is chronic. Variation in individual responses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A source of stress. Unfavourable actions taken against someone based on prejudices concerning race, ethnicity, religion, social status, gender, sex, sexual orientation, lifestyle, national origin, or physical characteristics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Grief concerning a loss that cannot be openly acknowledged, publicly mourned, or socially supported. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stress that results in negative changes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that decrease blood volume by increasing excretion of sodium and fluids. Treats hypertension and helps prevent heart failures. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An outward bulging and formation of a pouch in the large intestine wall. Common in people over 50 years old. Can cause diverticulosis or diverticulitis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When a diverticula becomes infected or inflamed. Abrupt cramping and abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, fever, rectal bleeding. Treated by increasing fibre in the diet and avoiding nuts, drugs that reduce muscle spasms, and surgery. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When a diverticula causes no problems or symptoms. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Where sensory neurons of spinal nerves enter the spinal cord on the dorsal side. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The cell bodies of sensory neurons of spinal nerves. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The first section of the small intestine. Receives chyme from the stomach. Digestive juices from the pancreas and liver enter at this point. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of decline in body function resulting in the death of an organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first stage of diastole in the cardiac cycle. Atria and ventricles passively fill with blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes that carry out attack on invaders. Live for a few days. After the invader is destroyed they diminish. Includes plasma cells, effector helper T cells, and effector cytotoxic T cells. |
|
|
Term
| Effector cytotoxic T cells |
|
Definition
| Produced by naive cytotoxic T cells. Destory cellular pathogens by releasing perforins. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Produced by activated helper T cells. Activate naive B cells and naive cytotoxic T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonp-parenchymal cells that are included in the basic logic unit of the local support and defence system. |
|
|
Term
| Electrocardiogram (EGG or EKG) |
|
Definition
| A device which detects electrical impulses on the body surface, generating a graph of heart activity with three distinct waves: the P wave, QRS wave, and T wave. Used to diagnose heart disease. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition where a parasitic worm that is transmitted by tropical mosquitoes invades the body and blocks the lymphatic fluid in the affected region. There is massive swelling, and a darkening and thickening of the skin in the area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A blood clot floating freely in the circulatory system. May become stuck in a narrow blood vessel, causing a stroke or heart attack. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outer coating of the crown of teeth. A non-living substance hardened with calcium salts. |
|
|
Term
| Encapsulated nerve ending |
|
Definition
| A type of sensory receptor. Tips of dendrites are protected by a connective tissue capsule and protects the tips of dendrites. Includes Meissner's, Pacinian, and Ruffini corpusles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inner lining of the heart cavities. A smooth surface that reduces friction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release hormones which diffuse into the bloodstream. Lack ducts. Secretion is stimulted by the autonomic nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes endocrine glands and endocrine tissues. Co-ordinates body systems to maintain homeostasis. Slower and longer-lasting effects than the nervous system. Regulatess growth, development, and reproduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organs that serve other purposes but have some cells which produce hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone that relieves pain. Released during stress response. |
|
|
Term
| Energy distribution system |
|
Definition
| A loose network of cells. Ensures that primary fuel is available, but not over-available to all cells as needed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The "second brain"
The nervous system of the GI tract. Has astrocyte-like glial cells that communicate with neurons. Consists of the submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus. Reponds to stimulus in the lumen of the digestive tract, emotional stress, and the sight, taste, or smell of food. Controls release of saliva, gastric juices, and enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The parenchymal cells of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An input to health. Elevated temperature and air pollution are associated with decreased physiological complexity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A defensive cell. A granulocyte. Consume antibody-antigen complexes by phagocytosis. Attacks pathogens too large to be consumed by phagocytosis, such as parasitic worms, by discharging enzymes. Macrophages then remove the debris. Bi-lobed nucleus. Large, pink-staining granules in the cytoplasm. 100 - 400 cells per mm3 of blood. Last 8 - 12 days. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A cartilaginous flap that is pushed up by the larynx during swallowing. Prevents food from entering the respiratory system. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Adrenaline
A catecholamine. Secreted by the adrenal medulla, stimulated by the hypothalamus. Lipid-soluble. Causes flight-or-fight response to stress. More blood is pumped to the heart, alveoli dilate, breathing rate increases, liver releases glucose, pupils dilate. Can cause nausea, cramping, and dry mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originate from stem cells. Mature into red blood cells. Take 6 days to mature in red bone marrow. They fill with hemoglobin, then the nucleus is pushed out, then the cell undergoes structural metamorphosis into a biconcave shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone produced int he kidneys when oxygen delivery is too low. Triggers the production of red blood cells. Can increase production up to 20 million per second. When oxygen levels are restored, erythropoietin stops. Occurs when there is an imbalance between red blood cell death rate and production rate, such as blood loss. There are EPO receptors all throughout the body. Erythropoietin is illegal to use before athletic competitions. |
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Term
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Definition
E. coli.
A species of bacteria that live in the colon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A portion of the GI tract. The tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach. Has peristalsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypertension that cannot be attributed to any specific cuse. 90% of hypertension cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gonadocorticoid secreted by the ovaries of premenopausal women, and the adrenal cortex. Lipid-soluble. Deelops female secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress that results in positive changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires an increase in ATP in muscles. Blood glucose decreases, and glucagon stimulates production of glucose in the liver. Catecholamines decrease insulin production, mobilizes energy stores, especially fatty acids from adipose tissues, and promotes glucose production in the liver. Muscle cells release calcium that stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides and glucose for ATP synthesis. Continued exercise causes gluconeogenesis in the liver. Body temperature raises at first, but after continued exercise lowers to a temperature just above resting set point. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third stage of GAS. Adaptation energ stores are depleted, the body replenishes then returns to homeostatic state. Short-term stresses would not reach this stage; energy is not depleted. Chronic stressors may create continuous GAS cycles resulting in burnout and serious illness. |
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Term
| Exocrine pancreas insufficiency |
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Definition
| A disease of the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protruding eyes caused by swelling of tissue around the eye orbits. A symptom of Grave's disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sphincter that separates the large intestine and anus. Voluntary control by the somatic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory receptors near the outside of the body. Sense the external environment. We are conscious of these stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fluid of the lymphatic system. It is impossible to collect extracellular fluid. We can only estimate its composition. It is probably similar to blood plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the pancreas that secrete pancreatic polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| No external energy input. Body mobilizes and conserves energy stores. Insulin decreases, decreasing removal of glucose, increasing hepatic glucose production, and allowing fat mobilization. In an extended fast the body relies on fat and protein as an energy source; carbohydrates are protected. Leptin production decreases, stimulating appetite and decreasing metabolic rate. Thyroid hormone decreases, reducign metabolic rate, minimizing protein breakdown. Blood fatty acid increases; fatty acids used as a fuel source. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fats or lipids. A nutrient. Carried in the blood by albumins. Blood levels regulated between 0.2 and 2.0 mM; a wide range. The liver converts it into ketone bodies, which are more water soluble. Some cells have limited ability to use fatty acids as a fuel source; neurons, eye, brain, kidney, and immune cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed in the colon. Undigested food, sloughed-off epithelial cells, water, and bacteria. Brown due to bile pigments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arteries that deliver blood to the thighs and inner knees. |
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Term
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Definition
| The veins that carry blood away from the thighs and inner knees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the body's secondary line of defense. Abnormally high body temperature. Stimulated by pyrogens. The "thermostat" of the hypothalamus is turned up. The body acts as though it is too cold the person may shiver to raise body temperature. When body temperature exceeds the raised-up set point, the body acts like it is too hot; the person may sweat. Includes mild fevers and high fevers. Microbes operate less efficiently at high temperatures. Not recommended to eat during a fever, in order to starve the microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sporatic, quivering heartbeat. Can result in heart failure. Can be fatal if the heart is not "reset", such as by an electric shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| The converte form of fibrinogen. Forms webs that trap blood cells, forming a clot. Digested by plasmin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plasma protein that is a clotting agent. Produced in the liver. Converted into fibrin by thrombin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-parenchymal cells that are included in the basic logic unit of the local support and defense system. |
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Term
| Fibromyalgia spectrum syndrome |
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Definition
| Caused by reduced physiological complexity. Chronic fatigue in young adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reaction of the sympathetic nervous system to emergency situations. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood glucose levels rise. Blood vessels around the digestive system constrict. Blood vessels around skeletal and cardiac muscles dilate. Increased mental alertness. Stimulated by epinephrine and norepinephrine, which can take up to 30 seconds to mount. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria present in the colons of obese people. Promote the breakdown and absorption of fatty acids and polysaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nonspecific defense of the local support and defense system. Physical and chemical surface barriers. Includes tears, skin, the large intestine, saliva, the respiratory tract, stomach, bladder, and vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
| A receptor that binds to water-soluble hormones. Activates second messenger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gasses produced by bacteria living in the colon. Carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide. |
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Term
| Fluids of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
| Blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small spherical chambers in the thyroid gland. Lined with follicular cells. |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, it stimulates egg cell production and secretion of estrogen from the ovaries, and prepares the uterus for pregnancy and the breasts for milk production. In men, it stimulates maturation of sperm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells lining the inside of follicles in the thyroid gland. Produce TH. |
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Term
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Definition
| An allergic reaction. Caused by chicken, eggs, fish, milk, nuts, shellfish, soybean, or wheat. Mast cells in the lining of the digestive tract react causing nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells and cell fragments in the blood. 45% of blood. Platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells. Formed in the red bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by reduced physiological complexity. Common in the elderly. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sensory receptor. Tips of dendrites are unprotected. May wrap around a hair. Include Merkel disks. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the lobes of the brain. In the front part of the brain. Controls executive function activities like thinking, organization, planning, problem solving, memory, attention, and movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A source of stress. Thwarting or inhibition of natural or desired behaviours and goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ways in which people compare to others of a similar age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extensive and irreversible damage to the central nervous system, with respiration and circulatory function maintained by artificial means. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that don't store fuels take in fuels and utilize it right away. Biosynthetic processes and combustion, harvesting energy as ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| An accessory organ. A muscular, pear-shaped sac that stores bile. Releasing bile into the duodenum through the common bile duct. Neural control triggered by presence of chyme in the small intestine, an hormonal control triggered by cholecystokinin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tiny crystalline particle in bile that has had cholesterol build up around it, forming a hardened cluster. Can intermittently or continuously block bile ducts. Formation of one gallstone increases chances of formation of further gallstones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treats morbid obesity. Includes Roux-en Y procedure and the pap banding procedure. Increased PYY levels. Decreased ghrelin levels. Changes in appetite regulating hormones contribute to success. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in gastric pits. Mucous-secreting cells, pepsinogen-secreting cells, and HCl-secreting cells. Secretes gastric juices. Neural control triggered by the chewing of food. Hormonal control triggered by gastrin. |
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Term
| Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| HCl and pepsin. Mixes with food in the stomach to form chyme. Produced by gastric glands in gastric pits. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pits in the mucosa layer of the stomach. Contain gastric glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone released by the stomach when it has food in it. Increases release of gastric juices. |
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Term
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
|
Definition
| A disorder of motilit in the GI tract. |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal (GI) tract |
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Definition
| A 28 foot long tube which is the main part of the digestive tract. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, and anus. Has several peripheral clocks. Has motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption occurring at all times, even in the absence of food. Has a luminal surface area of 200 - 400 square meters. High variability in transit time: 30 to 80 hours from start to finish. Senses and expels noxious substances through diarrhea and vomiting. Home to a microbiome of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disorder of motility in the GI tract. |
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Term
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| First recognized by Has Selye in 1936. The pattern followed by our physiological and psychological responses to stress. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide information about body position and location. Detect touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, body and limb position, and pain. Arise from receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, bones, and internal organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An input to health. A single genetic polymorphism is associated with a decrease in physiological complexity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of individual and collective aging processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of diabetes that develops in pregnant women. |
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Term
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Definition
| Released by the stomach. Stimulates appetite. In a post-prandial state its production decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition caused by a tumour in the anterior pituitary gland. There is abnormally high release of GH. The person has rapid growth and may reach a stature up to 8 or 9 feet tall! Life expectancy is reduced. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Gum inflammation"
A major cause of tooth loss in adults. Plaque on the gum line causes gums to become inflamed and swollen. There may be bleeding, and gums no longer fit as tightly around teeth. Teeth could become loose. Could cause periodontitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevation of the pressure within the eyeball, leading to hardening of the eyeball, impaired vision, and possible blindness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polypeptide subunits that comprise hemoglobin. There are four globins per hemoglobin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plasma protein that transports lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Can be an antibody. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A catabolic hormone secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas. Has a negative feedback loop with insulin to maintain blood sugar homeostasis. Increases blood glucose level, preventing hypoglycemia. Released between meals when blood sugar is low. Stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen, lactic aci, and amino acids into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. Stimulates adipose tissue to release fatt acids. |
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Term
| Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Lipid-soluble. Secretion is stimulated by ACTH. Stimulate synthesis of glucose from fats and proteins. Stimulates adipose to break down fats and release fatty acids into the bloodstream. Inhibits uptake of glucose by muscle and fat tissues. Inhibits inflammatory respopnse by reducing flow of white blood cells to the area, and by reducing the amount of inflammatory chemicals released by other cells. Inhibits wound healing. Includes cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A drug banned in-competition during sporting competitions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation of glucose from something other than glycogen. Can be synthesized from glycerol, ketones, lactate, pyruvate, and alanine, which are products of fat, glucose, and protein breakdown. Used in times of energy demand such as fasting or endurance exercise. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A monosaccharide. Liver cells convert glycogen, lactic acid, and amino acids into it when stimulated by glucagon. The main fuel of most tissues. Blood glucose is tightly regulated between 3.5 and 6.0 mM by insulin, glucagon, incretins, leptin, adiponectin, inflammatory compounds, and catecholamines. Can be rapidly metabolized in aerobic and anaerobic environments Has an osmotic effect; hyperglycemia can result in increased water in the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A transport membrane that transports glucose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A long, branched storage polymer of glucose. 150 g in the liver, where it is broken down into glucose by phosphorylase when stimulated by glucagon. 350 g in the muscles, where it must be metabolized into lactate before releasing into the blood. Stores 2000 kcal total: depleted after several hours of activity or 1 - 2 days of fasting. Can only be stored in a hydrated form, giving it low energy density. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells that secrete mucus in the GI tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of sensory receptor that senses limb position. Branched nerve fibres that measure the degree of muscle tension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormones secreted mainly by gonads during adulthood. Some is secred by the adrenal cortex. Lipid-soluble. Includes androgens and estrogens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A malfunction of the immune system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Cell walls with less peptidoglycan. May have lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins in the membrane. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Cell wall has layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacks of chemicals found in granulocytes that destroy invading pathogens. May be stained. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of white blood cell. Originates from myeloblasts. Have granules in the cytoplasm. Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An auto-immune disorderr where the immune system produces antibodies that mimic TSH, stimulating the thyroid gland to enlarge and overprouce TH. Increased metbaolic rate and heart rate, sweating, nerousness, weight loss, and exophthalmos. Treated with drugs that block TH production, radioactive iodine, or surgery to reduce the sie of the thyroid gland. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cell bodies of motor neurons of spinal nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mental state of distress that occurs in reaction to significant loss, including one's own impending death, the death of a loved one, or a near-death experience. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of integrating the reality of a death into one's life. Takes time and emotional effort. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Local signal molecules. Peptides/proteins that stimulate cells to grow, develop, and multiply. A banne substance at all times in sporting competitions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Increases cell size and rate of cell division. Target cells are bone, muscle, cartilage, and other tissues. Makes fats more available as a source of fuel. Its releasing hormone is GHRH and its inhibiting hormone is GHIH. Problems with GH can cause gigantism, acromegaly, and pituitary dwarfism. GH used to be harveste dfrom the pituitary glands of cadavers. Nowadays it can be produced in a laboratory. Used to reverse aspects of aging, and can increase the height of below-average height children. |
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Term
| Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) |
|
Definition
| The inhibiting hormone for GH. |
|
|
Term
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) |
|
Definition
| THe releasing hormone for GH. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sense of taste. Chemoreceptors on taste buds sense five tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The action of peristalsis. Carefully controlled to move food at the ccorrect time from one section of the GI tract to the next. Too rapid movements can lead to tissue damage. |
|
|
Term
| Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
|
Definition
| In the Walkerton E. coli tragedy, there were 27 cases. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An organ-specific autoimmune disorder. The thyroid gland is attacked. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A source of stress. Petty annoyances, irritations, and frustrations. Cumulative effects may be harmful in the long run. |
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Term
|
Definition
aka Allergic rhinitis
"Nose inflammation"
The most common allergic reaction. Caused by pollen, mold spores, animal dander, and/or the feces of dust mites. Allergen is inhaled and mast cells in the lining of the nasal cavity react, causing sneezing and nasal congestion. Mast cells in the mucous membranes of the eyes may respond causing red, watery eyes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of gastric juice. Kills bacteria, breaks down connective tissues in meats, and activates pepsinogen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| There are no pain receptors in the brain; headaches are caused by stress, hunger, bad food, too much sleep, or too little sleep. Includes tension and migraine headaches. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organ with some endocrine cells. Its parenchymal cells are cardiomyocytes. An organ of the cardiovascular system. A muscular pump that contracts rhythmically more than 100,000 times a day. Moves almost 5 L of blood every movement. Its parts include the myocardium, endocardium, pericardium, septum, AV valves, semilunar valves, atria, and ventricles. |
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Term
|
Definition
aka Myocardial infarction
When the blood supply to the heart is blocked, such as by coronary thrombosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Swooshing sounds made by the heart created by disturbed flow, such as by a faulty heart valve. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Controlled by the autonomuc nervous system. In stressful situations the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate; the adrenal medulla prolongs the effect with epinephrine. In restful situlations, the parasympathetic nervous system decreases hear trate. Larger animals have slower heart rates compared to smaller animals. Endurance athletes have slower heart rates than the average person. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A surgical treatment for heart failure. Generally used only on patients younger than 80 years old. A donor must be found whose tissue is an acceptable match for the recipient. A heart-lung machine takes over circulation while the heart is removed during surgery. Afterwards the recipient takes drugs that lessen the chances of organ rejection. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the four cardinal signs of inflammation. Increased blood flow elevates temperature in the area of injury. Increases metabolic rate of cells, speeding healing. Increases activity of defensive cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hunger for pleasure purposes. Reward centres of the brain are stimulated by foods, particularly foods high in fats and sugars. |
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Term
|
Definition
H. pylori
A bacteria that affects the upper gastrointestinal tract and immune system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| aka CD4+T cells. The "on" switch for the immune response. Macrophages presentantigen to them, activating them. Cause specific defensive mechanisms when an invader is detected, triggering the immune response. Divides to form effector helper T cells and memory helper T cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of hemoglobin. Contains an iron ion. Can carry 4 molecules of oxygen at atime. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The chemical found in red blood cells. An oxygen-binding red pigment. Four globins and one heme ring. Can carry 4 oxygen molecules at a time on its heme ring, forming oxyhemoglobin. Can bind to carbon dioxide at a different site. Binds to carbon monoxide 200 times more readily. Hemoglobin from worn-out red blood cells is converted in the liver into iron, which is sent to the bone marrow, and bilirubin, which is excreted in feces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal form of hemoglobin that causes sickle-cell anemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of anemia. Blood cells are ruptured due to infection, defects, mismatched blood transfusion, or hemoglobin abnormalities. Includes sickle-cell anemia. |
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|
Term
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
|
Definition
| When a mother with Rh- blood is carrying a child with Rh+ blood, if she has anti-Rh factor antibodies in her body (from previous exposure to Rh+ blood), the antibodies pass freely to the fetus and destroy the fetus' red blood cells, resulting in stillburth or extreme anemia at birth. Treated with RhoGAM. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inherited condition more common in males. Genes for clotting agents are altered. The most comon types are abnormalities in clotting factors VIII and IX. As a child, bruises may form on the knees and elbows. Cuts bleed for extended times. Internal bleeding may damage nerves, possibly permanently crippling the person. Treated with injections or transfusions of plasma with the missing clotting factor. This used to require thousands of blood donors to aquire enough clotting factor, byut now clotting factor can be produced artificially. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Delivers oxygenated blood to the liver, separate from the hepatic portal vein. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver before any other part of the body. The liver sorts and filters the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carries sorted and filtered blood from the liver to the rest of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the liver. Symptoms include jaundice. Caused by one of six viruses: hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, or G, which differ in means of transmission and severity. The most common is hepatits C. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hepatitis caused by the C virus. 4 million people in the US have it. Has mild symptoms; people may not be aware they carry it. Passed through contaminated blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The parenchymal cells of the liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Obtain food from other organisms. Feed on dead organic matter, or are parasitic. |
|
|
Term
| High-density lipoproteins (HDL) |
|
Definition
"Good cholesterol"
Remove cholesterol from artery walls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fever over 40.6ºC. Dangerous. Can inactivate enzymes needed for biochemical reactions within body cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the brain. Buried in the temporal lobe. Important for learning and short-term memory. Short term memories are converted into long-term memories. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A local signal molecule. Secreted by mast cells in response to chemicals from damaged cells or from IgEs during an allergic reaction. Stimulates blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable in inflammation response, swelling, release of mucous, and contraction of smooth muscles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A white blood cell deficiency that affects helper T cells. Loss of immunity memory and the ability of cells to tell when to attack. Enormous stress on T cells, which are lost and produced at an elevated rate. Un-medicated, HIV can turn into AIDS. Most people living with HIV use medication to keep T cell count at a normal level. People with AIDS usually die from an infectious disease. They may also develop Kaposi's sarcoma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An allergic reaction. Caused by foods (shellfish, strawberries, chocolate, nuts, tomatoes), insect bites, drugs (penicillin, aspirin), food additives, dyes, or cosmetics. Mast cells in the skin react to produce red and swollen patches. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When the variable is below the reactive scope limit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hunger for food for maintaining homeostasis. Essential nutrients and fuels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the variable is above the reactive scope limit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phrase coined by Cannon in 1932. A balanced equilibrium of physical and mental state where all the body's systems function well and are maintained, using negative feedback loops, at a specific set point. Found in every living organism. Has pulses of change. If there are numerous counter-acting systems, pulses are more frequent and have a tigher range. Sensors detect deviance from the set point and signal the brain which activatse mechanisms that return the body to the set point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical messengers of the endocrine system. Released in small amounts by endocrine glands and cells triggered by other hormones, nervous signals, and changes in ion or nutrient concentration in the blood. Travel through the body by the blood stream, coming into contact with all cells, but only affecting target cells. Can be in negative and positive feedback mechanisms. Affect growth, development, homeostasis, reproduction, neurodevelopment, immunity, and many other aspects of the CCN. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A drug prohibited at all times in athletic competitions. Includes hormone modulators. |
|
|
Term
| Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who are sensitive to stressors and may react more intensely than most people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disorder of the cerebrospinal fluid vessels. Child has a ventricular cannula shunted to the abdominal cavity. Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid. The child's skull plates have not fused yet, so the child has a very large head. |
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Term
|
Definition
aka High blood glucose
Causes increased urine volume and persistent thirst. Long-term health impacts. Glucose corsslinks with protein. Gradual degeneration of cardiovascular and nerual tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High blood pressure above 140/80 mmHg. The "silent killer". There are no symptoms. The heart thickens and overworks in order to keep blood moving, which could lead to a heart attack. Damages kidneys by reducing blood flow; kidneys release renin that causes more blood to be produced. Can be caused by reduced ability to handle sodium in the blood; kidneys increase blood volume to deal with the extra sodium. Can be caused by stress; blood vessels constrict, increasing blood pressure. Treated with diuretics or drugs that dilate blood vessels. To prevent hypertension, maintain normal body weight, exercise, don't smoke, and limit salt intake. Includes essential hypertension and secondary hypertension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlarged heart. A sign of an overworked heart. Caused by high blood pressure and narrowing of the aortic semilunar valve. Occurs in endurance athletes and weightlifters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low blood glucose. Many individuals experience low level hypoglycemia. Serious cases caused by insulin overdose. Below 4 mM, epinephrine is released, racing heart, jitteres. Below 3 mM, weak, drowsy, confused, clouded vision; may be cured with a sugary snack. Below 2 mM, coma and death; cured with a glucagon injection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brain which regulates physiological responses like body temperature, sleeping, and water levels. Has endocrine tissue. Attached to the pituitary gland by a short stalk. Connected to the posterior lobe by nerves and the anterior lobe by the circulatory system. Nerve cells synthesize hormones and deliver them to the posterior lobeof the pituitary gland. Releases releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones to control secretions of the anteior lobe. Controls the SNS. Directs the stress response by stimulating release of epinephrine, ACTH, and endorphins. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 2011 it beat humans at the game Jeopardy. Reprogrammed to help the health science research and healthcare practice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treats pain by counter-acting chemicals produced by damaged tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of antibodies. Dimers or monomers. Found in tears, saliva, mucous, the gastrointestinal system, the excretory system, and breast milk. Levels decrease during stress, raising susceptibility to infections. Prevents pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells of surface linings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of antibodies. Monomers. Found on the surface of many B cells. Found in the blood and lymph. Life span is 3 days. Involved in the recognition of antigen and activating B cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of antibodies. Monomers. Secreted by plasma cells in the skin, and mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system. Binds to the surface of mast cells and basophils, triggering release of histamine and other chemicals from the mast cells during allergic reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most abundant class of antibodies. Monomers. Found in the blood, lymph, and intestines. Primary and secondary immune response. Can pass through placenta from mother to fetus. Provides passive immune protection to fetus and newborn. Enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins, and triggers the complement system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of antibodies. Pentamers. Attached to B cells, where they act as receptors for antigens. Free in the blood and lymph. The first class released by plasma cells. Powerful agglutinating agent: 10 antigen-binding sites. Activates the complement system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third section of the small intestine. Absorption occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The artery that delivers blood to the pelvic organs and abdominal wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vein that carries blood away from the pelvic organs and abdominal wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sphincter that separates the small intestine and large intestien. Involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune system. A specfic defense of the local support and defense system. The lymphatic system produces immune cells which recognize, immobilize, and destroy specific pathogens or foreign molecules. Has memory; it remembers pathogens and attacks more quickly the second time. Affected by stres; cortisols damage B cells and T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decline of the immune system with age. NK cell number increases, but their effectiveness is decreased. Pro-inflammatory cytokine activity is increased. Older people are at an increased risk for severe reactions to infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teeth that slice food. There are eight. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that regulates blood glucose. Released from the small intestine in response to glucose ingestion. Stimulates the release of insulin and inhibits the release of glucagon. Prepares the body for an increase in blood glucose. Include GLP-1 and GIP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress results in behavioural coping responses that affect health, such as smoking, eating habits, and drug use. Certain personality traits predispose a person to disease by the manner in which they respond to stress. Stress may produce symptoms such as anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, and shakiness which may be perceived as illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A malfunction of the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Mono
aka Kissing disease
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus which is common in humans. Spread by oral contact. Increased lymphocytes with an abnormal appearance. Fever, chills, headache, sore throat, and sense of being ill. Lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin become painful and swollen. There is no treatment; symptoms subside in a few weeks.
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Term
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Definition
| A vein that carries blood from the lower body to the heart. Enters the heart at the right atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Inflammatory response
aka Inflammation reaction
Part of the body's second line of defense against pathogens. Destroys pathogens and helps repair and restore damaged tissue. After recovery, the area may leak pus containing dead cells, microbes, and phagocytse. Has four cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, and pain. |
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Term
| Inflammatory and secretory diarrhea |
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Definition
| A disorder of secretion in the GI tract. |
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Term
| Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
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Definition
| A malfunction of the immune system. Pain and diarrhea. Worsens and improves in an alternating manner. Stress can cause "flare-ups". Includes CD and UC. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones that regulate blood glucose. Released by the immune cells during inflammation. Impair insulin sensitivity. Includes interleukin-6, resistin, and tumour necrosis factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones released by the hypothalamus that inhibit hormone secretions from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Includes GHIH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty falling asleep, waking in the night, or waking earlier than normal. Treated with a regulated sleeping cycle. Sleeping pills do not help; REM becomes abnormal and the person may develop a resistance to them over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrophillic, anabolic hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas. Has a negative feedback loop with glucagon to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Decreases blood glucose levels, preventing hyperglycemia. Released after a meal when blood sugar is high. Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle, connective tissue, and adipose cells by moving GLUT4 to the cell membrane. Also stimulates uptake of amino acids and fatty acids. Inhibits conversion of glycogen, fatty acids, and amino acids into glucose in the liver. Deficiency in insulin can cause diabetes mellitus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by over-secretion of insulin caused by a tumour in the pancreas, or over-injection of insulin. Low blood sugar, anxiety, sweating, hunger, weakness, disorientation, convulsions, and unconsciousness. Fatal unless blood sugar levels can be raised. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized junctions that mechanically and electrically couple adjacent cardiac cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defensive proteins. Released by cells infected by a virus. Attracts macrophages and NK cells which then kill the infected cell, and signals to neighboring cells to release proteins that prevent viruses from infecting them. Can be used to treat hairy cell leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, hepatits C, HPV, and herpes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflammatory compound. May be a longevity gene. Plasma levels of IL-6 positively correlate with disability and mortality. People with the GG genotype have longer lifespans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sphincter that separates the large intestine and the anus. Involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory receptors on the inside of the body. Sense the internal environment. We are often unaware of stimuli. Important for homeostasis; key components to regularing blood pressure, blood chemistry, and breathing rate. Allow for sensations of pain, hunger, and thirst. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid which bathes all cells of the body. Excess interstitial fluid flows into the lymph nodes and becomes lymph. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of gastric juice. Aids in the uptake of vitamin B12. Lack of intrinsic factor can lead to pernicious anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common type of anemia. Caused by too little iron in the diet, a reduced ability to absorb iron, or blood loss. Treated by restoring iron levels; eating meat, leafy green vegetables, fortified cereals, and/or iron supplements. Women are more likely to get it due to the monthly blood loss of mensturation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A common GI disorder. Stress and psychological factors play a role. Anatomical defect in the gut neuroendocrine system causing hypersensitivity, dysmotility, and abnormal secretion. Abdominal pain, prolonged periods of diarrhea or constipation. Stress causes bloating, pain, and/or diarrhea to increase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced blood supply to the heart. Can cause angina pectoris, especially when physically active. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the liver is unable to filter out bilirubin, which then accumulates in the skin and whites of the eyes, giving the person a yellowish colou. A symptom of hepatitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second section of the small intestine. Absorption occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vein that carries blood from the head to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of cancer common only in people who have AIDS. Brown melanin spots form inside and outside of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The parenchymal cells of the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The liver converts glucose into this. More water soluble than fatty acids. If they build up in the blood it can cause acidosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organs with some endocrine tissues. Its parenchymal cells are tubule epithelial cells. An organ of the lymphatic system. Filters and adjusts the volume and content of blood plasma. Indirectly controls blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme released by the small intestine. Digests lactose into glucose and galactose. Lack of this enzyme causes lactose intolerance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Released by skeletal muscles when metabolizing glycogen. In the liver it is turned into glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph vessels found in each villi of the small intestine. The conduit through which large fatty molecules enter the lymphatic system from the digestive system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sugar found in milk. Broken down by lactase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absense of the enzyme lactase. Undigested lactose travels to the colon where bacteria thrive on it, causing bloating, gas, and abdominal discomfort. Common in adults. Treated with lactase tablets or avoiding dairy products. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gastric bypass surgery for weight loss. A silicone band containing saline is placed around the upper stomach under the skin. Easily inflated, allowing adjustment. Results in 40% - 50% weight loss within a year of surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
| A portion of the GI tract. A long tube where water and ions are absorbed. One of the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Bacteria inhabitants keep pathogenic bacteria in check, and perform some digestion. Lined with mucous. Has slower peristalsis than the small intestine. Forms, stores, and expels feces. Consists of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Voice box
aka Adam's apple
Pushes up the epiglottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the respiratory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second stage of diastole in the cardiac cycle. The atria and ventricles continue to relax and fill passively. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consuming lead can lead to anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives blood from the pulmonary veins. Pumps blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pumps oxygenated blood through the systemic circuit. Includes the left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, and aortic semilunar valve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve. Pumps blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Chronologic age
Age based on chronological years. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anti-obesity hormone that regulates blood glucose. Produced in adipose tissue. Affects appetite in the brain, reducing food intake. Stimulates metabolic rate, promoting insulin's effect. Stimulates lipolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of the circulatory system. Cancer of white blood cells, bone marrow, or spleen. Forms non-solid tumours. Uncontrolled multiplication of white blood cells. Increased number, but they are immature and unable to fight infections. Hamper the production of normal formed elements. Results inanemia, inadequate blood clotting, susceptibility to infections, and bone tenderness. Treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. May be cured with bone marrow transplant. |
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Term
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Definition
| An input to health. Social and emotional loneliness is associated with decreased physiological complexity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that a person will develop cancer over the course of their lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong bands of tissue that connect bones and stabilize the joint in addition to muscles and tendons, to enable movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme produced by the pancreas. Digests triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Water-soluble; can only work at the surface of a fat droplet. Bile increases this surface area by emulsifying fat into small droplets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes steroids. Derived from cholesterol. Secreted by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands. Moves freely into the target cell and attaches to receptors in the cytoplasm which then attach to DNA in the nucleus, leading to the production of specific proteins which may stimulate or inhibit metabolic activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue. Stores as much as 135,000 kcal of energy. Lipids do not need to be hydrated in storage, making them 70 times more energy-dense than glycogen. During exercise, muscle cells take fatty acids from the blood via albumin. Fat cannot be metabolized in an anaerobic environment. 77% of energy stored. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of lipotoxicity. There is complete absense of fat in adipocytes. Individuals are very lean and become severely insulin resistant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of triglycerides. Regulated by HSL and ATGL. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to build fat in adipose tissue; instead, fat is stored in tissues such as the heart, kidneys, liver, or skeletal muscle. Metabolic impairment. Includes lipoatrophy. |
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Term
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Definition
| An accessory organ. One of the largest organs in the body; just under 2 kg. Has 4 lobes, dividing into smaller lobules. Its parenchymal cells are hepatocytes. Has over 500 functions. It sorts blood coming from the GI tract through the hepatic portal vein before it enters the body through the hepatic vein. Detoxifies, processes, and regulates nutrient release. Receives oxygenated blood from the heart through the hepatic artery. Produces bile. Controls glucose in the blood by storing and breaking down triglycerides and glycogen, and through gluconeogenesis. Forms lipoproteins for transporting fats. Stores vitamins A, D,E, K, B12, and folate. Removes and breaks down poisons including lead, mercury, and pesticides. Converts products of amino acid breakdown into urea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of a body part or portion of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain that is perceived in the actual area of tissue damaged (as opposed to referred pain). Includes pain caused by vertebral disks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Act near the site of their release. Reaction takes seconds or miliseconds. Includes neurotransmitters, prostaglandins, growth factors, nitric oxide,and histamine. |
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Term
| Local support and defense system |
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Definition
| Includes the nonspecific defenses the first and second line of defense, and the specific defense the immune response. Aids with infections by pathogens, tissue damage, normal tissue turnover, tissue repair and redevelopment, and maintenance of existing cells. Includes the maintenance and support system, adaptation and repair system, resident defense system, and migrant defense system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of the GI tract. Muscles arranged parallel to the GI tract. GI tract shortens when contracted. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the top two reasons for doctor's visits, and 40% of missed work days. Affects 80% of Canadians at some point. Affects mostly middle-aged people. Many cases get better without medical intervention. Pain or discomfort in the lower back. Acute or chronic. Includes back dominant pain, sciatica, and neurogenic claudication. Treated with chiropractic manipulation, massage, acupuncture, pilates, yoga, and cognitive behavioural therapy. Risk factorsinclude genetics, environement, lifestyle, and healthcare behaviours. Can originate from the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, vertebral disks, vertebral bones, or lower back muscles, tendons, and ligaments. |
|
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Term
| Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
|
Definition
"Bad cholesterol"
Can cause inflammation of arteries in atherosclerosis. Tend to build up and accumulate on artery walls. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Makes a person more likely to feel helpless anger where they feel that they are wrong to feel angry. Creates a self-imposed distressor that can impair the immune system, putting them at higher risk for AIDS, herpes, multiple sclerosis, and Epstein-Barr syndrome. |
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Term
| Lower esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| The sphincter that separates the esophagus and the stomach. Involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The hollow interior of blood vessels or the hollow interior of the GI tract. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Their parenchymal cells are alveolar epithelial cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
aka Systematic lupus erythematosis
A non-organ-specific autoimmune disorder. Connective tissue is attacked. Skin lesions, rashes, butterfly-shaped rash on the cheeks, pericarditis, arthritis, nephritis, and seizures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In women it causes ovulation, stimulates ovaries to secrete estrogren and progesterone, prepares uterus for pregnancy, and breasts for milk production. In men, it stimulates testes to synthesize and secrete testosterone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fluid of the lymphatic system. Identical to interstitial fluid. When put into a centrifuge, it lacks red blood cells and platelets. Does not clot. Flows through lymph vessels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lymphoid organs. A specialized mini-organ. Bean-shaped structureson lymphatic vessels that cleanse lymph as it filters through, removing bacteria, cancer cells, and debris. Has many types of white blood cells. Swell if there is an infection, due to increased number of white blood cells. Found in the neck, armpits, and groin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Networks of lymphatic vessels. Interstitial fluid enters at the dead ends. Found in almost every tissue (not the teeth or central nervous system). More permeable than blood vessels. Converge, forming larger tubes that connect with veins at the base of the neck. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluids are blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and extracellular fluid.Vessels are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid vessels. Organs are the heart, kidneys, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs. Innervation is sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory. The stem cell pool is in bone marrow and others. Returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood stream. Transports fat from digestion to the blood. Helps defend against disease-causing organisms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lymphoid organs. Vessels of the lymphatic system. Collect material from extracellular fluid at capillary beds. Move lymph back to major veins of the blood system. The lymph vessels are not in a continuous loop. Lymph moves very slowly. The cells are arranged like roofing tiles; allows extracellular fluid to flow into the lymph capillary, but not out. Effected by lymphedema. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disorder of the lymph vessles. Aclot forms in a lymph vessel. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mature into lymphocytes. May mature in the lymphoid tissues. Originate from stem cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Originate from lymphoblasts. White blood cells produced in the bone marrow that are responsible for the specificityand memory of the immune system. Recognize and attack one particular type of antigen by developing unique receptors. Includes B cells and T cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cancer in the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's disease. Forms solid tumours. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organs in the lymphatic system. Includes tonsils, right lymphatic duct, thymus gland, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and red bone marrow. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The L in PLAN. A way that antibodies defend against antigens. Antibodiesactivate the complement system, causing lysis in the membranes of cellular pathogens. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that kills bacteria. Present in tears and saliva. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
"Big eat"
An antigen-presenting cell. A defense non-parenchymal cell of myeloid origin. A type of phagocyte that consumes less discriminately. Engulfs virtually anything, including viruses, bacteria, and damaged tissues. Presents antigens to helper T cells, activating them. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Disease that breaks down the macula, the light-sensitive part of the retina responsible for sharp, direct vision. |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| Uses powerful magnets to look inside the body. Diagnoses heart disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme released by the small intestine. Digests maltose into glucose. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A purely hedonic food. Recreational; for pleasure only. All calories are derived from sugar. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A non-parenchymal defense cell of myeloid origin. Cells that secrete histamine in response to chemicals from damaged cells, or from IgEs during an allergic reaction. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of cartilage. Weight bearing capacity is possible due to changes in water content, allowing deformation of cartilage resurface in response to stress. Provides nutrition and lubrication of cartilage. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Physical breaking of food into smaller pieces. Aided by teeth, stomach churning, and segmental contractions in the GI tract. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of sensory receptor. Detects sensation of touch, pressure, hearing, balance, changes in blood pressure, and body position. Respond to distortions: stretching, compression, or twisting of themselves or nearby cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells that mature into megakaryocytes. Originate from stem cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Originate from megakaryoblasts. Fragment, creating platelets. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of encapsulated nerve ending that senses light touches. Dendrites are in a capsule. Common on hairless, sensitive areas such as the lips, nipples, and fingertips. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the pineal gland. Reduces jet lag and promotes sleep. More is produced at nighttime. Inhibits the production of the pigment melanin in the melanocytes of the skin. Influences sleep and seasonal changes in mood. It is used widely as a sleep enhancement drug. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Impaired by sleep deprivation. Improved by REM sleep. Dependent on multiple learning sessions separated by deep sleep. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produced by naive B cells. Specialized to fight specific antigens. Play a role in secondary response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes that "remember" invaders and cause a more rapid and efficient response if there is a reinvasion. Can live for decades. Include memory B cells, memory helper T cells, and memory cytotoxic T cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
aka CD8+T cells
Produced by naive cytotoxic T cells. Play a role in secondary response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced by activated helper T cells. Play a role in secondary response. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by prostaglandins released by cells of the uterine lining that cause muslce contractions. Treated with aspirin or ibuprofen. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Adjacent to a merkel disk. When compressed it stimulates the free nerveendings of the merkel disk. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of free nerve ending that senses light touches. Nerve ending is adjacent to a merkel cell. When compressed it stimulates the free nerve ending in the merkel disk. Found in hairy and hairless parts of the skin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Connective tissue that holds the GI tract. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by reduced physical complexity. Increased visceral fat, increased blood fatty acids, low HDL cholesterol, increased blood pressure, elevated fasting blood glucose. Common in middle-aged adults. A risk factor for cartiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, et cetera. Consuming trans fats increases risk. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Major histocompatibility complex markers
Markers on cell surfaces that lebel the cell as "self". Unique to every person. The immune system does not attack cells marked with MHC markers. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In the small intestine, fats react with bile salts to form tiny droplets that enter epithelial cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Smaller projections on the surface of villi in the small intestine. Increase surface area for absorption. Form the brush border. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Sick headache
Throbbing pain behind the eyes, usually to one side. Can cause nasea and vomiting. May experience an aura before onset. Caused by an imbalance in the brain's serotonin levels. Pain messages flood the brain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Slows the growth of bacteria. The liver and spleen remove iron from the blood; bacteria need iron to reproduce. Increases the metabolic rate of body cells; higher rates speed up defensive responses and repair processes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A part of the breast. Transports milk from milk glands to the nipple. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A part of the breast. Produces milk. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A line from the armpit to the groin where breast tissue initially begins to develop in the sixth week of fetal life. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Lipid-soluble. Increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. Includes aldosterone. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Valves in the lymphatic vessels which ensure lymph flows in one direction. Motion is driven by muscle contractions and changes in pressure caused by breathing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical released by mitochondria that allows them to communicate with each other. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
aka Bicuspid valve
aka Left atrioventricular valve
The valve that prevents backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium. Has two cusps. Prone to stenosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teeth that grind food. There are twelve. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mature into monocytes. Originate from stem cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of antibodies that can bind to one specific antigen. Can beused in pregnancy tests, screening for diseasesand cancers, and in cancer treatments. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The cell that develops into macrophages. Originates from monoblasts. The largest formed element. U-shaped nucleus. Gray-blue cytoplasm. 100 - 700 cells per mm3 of blood. Last several months. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A single Y-shaped antibody. Has two binding sites for antigens. Includes IgGs, IgAs, IgDs, and IgEs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates. A nutrient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A BMI over 40. A serious medical condition. Treated with gastric bypass surgery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes hedonic and homeostatic hunger. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of spinal nerve. Enter the spinal cord at the ventral root. Cell bodies in the gray matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A culturally prescribed and accepted time period and behaviour pattern for the expression of grief. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Oral cavity
A component of the GI tract. Receives food. Includes the palate, teeth, and tongue. Food is monitored for quality, moistened, manipulated into a bolis, and swallowed. Physical and chemical digestion begins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The innermost layer of the GI tract. Moist and mucous-secreting. Mucus lubricates the lumen, allowing food to slide through easily, and protecting the lining of the GI tract from rough foods and digestive enzymes. In the stomach and small intestine the mucosa layer releases enzymes. In the small intestine the mucosais highly folded into villi and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory receptors that sense limb position. Specialized muscle fibres wrapped in sensory nerve endings. Monitor the length of skeletal muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The third layer of the GI tract. Below the submucosa. A double layer of smooth muscle: the circular layer and longitudinal layer. Provides peristalsis and segmental contractions via the myenteric plexus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mature into granulocytes. Originate from stem cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A portion of the enteric nervous system in the muscularis layer of the GI tract. Controls muscle contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
"Heart muscle death"
aka Heart attack
Part of the heart muscle dies due to insufficient blood supply. Occurs if blood supply is blocked for more than 2 hours. Brain receives insufficient oxygen. Lungs fill with fluid. Kidneys fail. White blood cells swarm, removing damaged heart tissue. If the person survives, scar tissue replaces dead cardiac muscle, which cannot contract, causing ineffective pumping. Chest pain, which spreads down one or both arms and/or neck and shoulders. Nausea, dizziness. The pain can sometimes be mistaken as an upset stomach. Doubt about symptoms can lead to delay in treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The wall of the heart. Cardiac muscle tissue. Contracts, resulting in the heart's pumping. Different from skeletal muscle. Neural input is from the autonomic nervous system, involuntary. Neural connectionsare from gap junctions and are much faster. Very high oxidative metabolism; there are lots of mitochondria. Fatigue resistant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscle protein involved in contraction of skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle cell. The parenchymal cells of skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-parenchymal cells that are included in the base logic unit of the local support and defense system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition caused by a TH deficiency during adulthood. Fluid accumulates in facial tissues. Decreases alertness, body temperature, and heart rate. Treated and prevented by oral doses of TH. |
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Term
| Negative feedback mechanisms |
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Definition
| Maintain homeostasis. Regultes the secretion of some hormones. A gland releases a hormone, then rising blood levels of the hormone inhibit further release of the hormonees. In times of extreme stress, the nervoussystem can override negative feedback mechanisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated by effector helper T cells. Form plasma cells and memory B cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated by effector helper T cells. Form memory cytotoxic T cells and effector cytotoxic T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug banned in-competition during athletic competitions. |
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Term
| Natural killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| A defensive non-parenchymal cell of lymphoid origin. A type of white blood cell. Kill invading organisms, cancer cells, and cells infected by viruses. Give the "kiss of death": proteins that form pores in the target cell, causing water to flow into the cell, bursting it. Affected by stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from a stroke on the right side of the body. The person behaves as if the left side of their bodies and objects do not exist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new growth of tissue with no physiological function. Results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development. Includes tumours. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of a kidney. Removing both kidneys is fatal. Removal of one causes the other to almost double in size and perfom at the level of two kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons and astrocytes have receptors for many hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between the endocrinesystem and nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of back pain. Leg pain when standing or walking. Relieved when bending or sitting. Heaviness in the leggs. Happens to people over age 60. Caused by stenosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones released into the bloodstream by nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The parenchymal cell of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The N in PLAN. A way that antibodies defend against antigens. Antibodies bind to toxins and viruses, neutralizing them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense non-parenchymal cell of myeloid origin. A type of phagocyte. A granulocyte. Arrives at infections before other types of white blood cells and immediately consumes pathogens, especially bacteria, by phagocytosis. Multi-lobed nucleus. Clear-staining nucleus. Inconspicuous granules. 3 - 7 thousand cells per mm3 of blood; the most abundant white blood cell. Lasts 6 - 72 hours. Die after engulfing 12 or so bacteria. Releases chemicals that attract more neutrophils. Found in pus. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A local signal molecule. A gas. Released by endothelial cells of inner lining of blood vessels, signalling to smooth muscles around blood vessels to relax, allowing the vessel to dilate. Aids in peristalsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that dilates blood vessels. Treats angina. |
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Term
| Non-organ-specific autoimmune disorder |
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Definition
| An autoimmune disorder where any organ may be attacked. Effects all through the body. Caused by antibodies produced by B cells gone awry. Includes lupus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form the basic logic unit of the local supportand defense system. Part of the stroma. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Noradrenaline
A catecholamine. A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and from sympathetic nerve endings. Lipid-soluble. Causes flight-or-fight response to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme produced by the pancreas. Digests DNA and RNA into nucleotides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. They are consumed and processed and absorbed by the digestive system. Distributed throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency, adequacy, and excess of nutrients and/or energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extra third layer of the GI tract found only around the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| An environment containing more than enough food. Could lead to obesity. Example: Canada. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the lobes of the brain. At the back of the brain. Concerned with vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| A clot that becomes so large it blocks an artery which can lead to stroke or heart attack. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The sense of smell. Sensed by chemoreceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A physician that specializes in malignant neoplasms such as cancer. |
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Term
| Organ-specific autoimmune disorder |
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Definition
| An autoimmune disorder where only a specific organ is attacked. Caused by T cells that have gone awry. Includes Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of cartilage, synovium, and ligaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells which form bone. Stimualted by CT. Inhibited by PTH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells which destroy bone, releasing calcium. Stimulated by PTH. Inhibited by CT. |
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Term
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Definition
| A degenerative bone disease characterized by loss of bone mineral density, resulting in an increased fracture risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Female-only organs with some endocrine cells. There are two. Secretes lipid-soluble estrogen and progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A source of stress. Presence of too many people in someone's space. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeling pressured by constant and overwhelming demands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nutrient. Binds to the heme ring of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin containing red blood cells deliver oxygen to all the cells in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin with 4 oxygen molecules bound to its heme ring. |
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Term
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Definition
"Quick childbirth"
A hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. In women it stimulates milk ejection from the breasts when stimulated by the suckling of an infant, and stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. OT has a positive feedback mechanism during childbirth until the child is delivered. In men it stimulates transport of sperm in the male reproductive tract. Pitocin is a synthetic version of oxytocin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wave of heart activity detected by electrocardiograms. Generated by the electircal signals from the SA node. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of encapsulated nerve ending that senses vibrations and strong pressures. Dendrites are surrounded by layers of tissue. Found in deep layers of th skin and underlying tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the four cardinal signs of inflammation. Excessive fluid leaked into the tissue presses on pain receptors. Bacterial toxins may kill body cells. Injured cells release pain-causing chemicals such as prostaglandins. Pain causes the person to protect the area, avoiding further injury. May be debilitating if it persists longer than necessary. Treated with aspirin and ibuprofen. If damage is to internal organs, referred pain is experienced. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Nociceptor
Detect physical or chemical damage to tissues. May be classified as a chemoreceptor because they respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues. May be classified as a mechanoreceptor because they are stimulated by physical damage. Found in almost every tissue in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The roof of the mouth. The hard palate is near the front of the mouth and is reinforced with bone. The soft palate is near the back of the mouth, and consists of muscle and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| An accessory organ. An organ behind the stomach that contains some endocrine and exocrine cells. Exocrine cells release pancreatic juices into the pancreatic duct. Release of enzymes has neural control triggered by the presence of chyme in the small intestine, and hormonal control triggered by vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholecystokinin. Release of sodium bicarbonate ions has hormonal control triggered by secretin. Has pancreatic islets of endocrine cells that include alpha cells and secrete glucagon, beta cells that secrete insulin, delta cells that secrete somatostatin, and F cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries pancreatic juices from the pancreas to the small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Islets of Langerhans
Clusters of alpha, beta, delta, and F cells in the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by exocrine cells in the pancreas. Water, digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, carboxypeptidase, lipase, and nuclease), and bicarbonate ion buffer that neutralizes the HCl in chyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of the pancreas. Acute and chronic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that secrete defensins into the lumen of the GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the thyroid gland other than follicular cells. Produce CT. |
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Term
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Definition
| An innervation component of the lymphatic system. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| The portion of the ANS responsible for slowing the effects of the SNS. Help the body during times of rest. Uses mostly acetylcholine. NOt unified like the SNS; not all of its neurons are connected; acts slower. Constricts pupils, reduces heart rate and breathing rate, et cetera. |
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Term
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Definition
| Four small, round masses on the back of the thyroid gland. Secretes PTH. |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the parathyoid gland. Increases blood levels of calcium. When blood calcium levels are too low, PTH is secreted. Stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts. Causes calcium to be removed from urine and returned to blood. Increases rate at which calcium is absorbed into th eblood from the GI tract. Works in a negative feedback loop with CT to maintain calcium homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cells of glands or organs that are the most prominent cell type in terms of function and mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the lobes of the brain. Sits behind the frontal lobe. Deals with the perception and integration of stimuli from senses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Salivary glands in front of the ears. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receiving antibodies from another individual. Occurs during pregnancy when the mother's antibodies pass onto the fetus. Occurs during breatfeeding. Can be indused by injecting antibodies. Produces an immediate but short-lasting effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, parasitic worms, and prions (infectious protiens), that cause diseaes. Many bacteria are not pathogens, and are beneficial or essential. |
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Term
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Definition
| Five antibody monomers bound to each other. Has ten binding sites. Includes IgMs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme in gastric juice. The activated form of pepsinogen. Only activates in the lumen of the stomach when it mixes with HCl. Digests proteins into protein fragments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inactivated form of pepsin. HCl activates it when they are mixed in the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug prohibited at all times in athletic competitions. Includes growth factors and related substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our awareness of sensations coming from sensory receptors. Occurs in the cerebral cortex, where inputs from sensory receptors and integrated and interpreted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins released by effector cytotoxic cells. Form holes in the membranes of targetcells, causing lysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thick, fibrous sack which holds the herat in the centre of the thoracic cavity. Slides over the surface of the heart without hampering its movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-parenchymal cells that are included in the basic logic unit of the local support and defense system. |
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Term
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Definition
"Tooth inflammation"
Plaque enters between the tooth and gum, and attack the bone and soft tissue surrounding teeth. Can be caused by gingivitis. Teeth may become loose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clocks in the body. Set by the central clock in the brain, which is set by zeitgebars. |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| Carries information between CNS and the rest of the body. Consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contraction in the muscularis layer of the GI tract that pushes food along the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine. Aided by nitric oxide. Presence of food in the lumen causes the walls in one region to contract, triggering contraction in a sliding, pushing motion in one direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by rupture of an inflamed appendix. Spreading of the infection throughout the abdomen. Can be fatal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone interaction. One hormone must be present for another hormone to have an effect. Example: thyroid hormone must be present for aldosterone to work. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of anemia casued by lack of intrinsic factor, thus a reduced intake of vitamin B12 from the diet. Red blood cell production is halted or impaired. Treatedwith vitamin B12 injections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that kills pests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphoid organs. Clusters of lymph nodes along the small intestine. Keeps bacteria from breaching the intestinal wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Eat cell"
aka Scavenger cells
A defensive cell. A class of white blood cells. Engulf pathogens, damaged tissues, and dead cells by phagocytosis. Once engulfed, the pathogen is digested inside vesicles. Includes neutrophils and macrophages. Affected by stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| The engulfment of a foreign object into a cell. Phagocytes engulf pathogens, damaged tissues, and dead cells by phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Throat
A conduit in the back of the mouth through wchih both air and food pass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sensory receptor. Detect changes in light intensity. |
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Term
| Physical surface barriers |
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Definition
| Part of the body's first line of defense against pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of an organism to optimize information processing. Underlies health, disease, and aging. Necessary for allostasis. However, there is always an element of chaos. Measured by recording a long continuous stream of physiological, metabolic, and behavioural data and anlyzing it with a computer. Reduced physiological complexity can narrow the reactive scope, leading to many diseases. Affected by the three inputs to health: genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Affected by blocking or distorting information flow, or increasing traffic in the network. Decreases during a coma, general anesthesia, Alzheimer's disease, kinematics, et cetera ... Can be increased through medical treatments and lifestyle interventions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense chemicals made naturally by plants or animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tiny endocrine gland in the centre of the brain. Secretes melatonin based on signals from visual pathways. Sensing light inhibits the secretion of melatonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A synthetic version of oxytocin that may be used to speed up childbirth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition caused by tumor in the anterior pituitary gland. There is insufficient GH released during childhood. The person is sterile, and attains a maximum height of 4 feet. Administering GH in childhood can treat pituitary dwarfism. |
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Term
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Definition
| An endocrine gland the size of a pea. Suspended from the base of the brain by a short stalk. Attaches to the hypothalamus. Has two lobes: posterior lobe and anterior lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organ with some endocrine cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An invisible layer of bacteria on the teeth. Promotes dental cavities by holding acid against tooth enamel. Daily brushing and flossing of teeth helps remove some plaque, reducing risk of dental cavities and gingivitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid in blood in which formed elements are suspended. 55% of blood. Straw-coloured, but changes colour after a meal due to dissolved nutrients. Almost all substances transported by blood dissolve in plasma, including nutrients (sugars, amino acids, lipids, vitamins), ions (sodium, potassium chloride), dissolved gasses (carbon dioxide, nitogen, and a small amount of oxygen), hormones, and wastes (urea, uric acid). Contains plasma proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Effector cells produced by naive B cells. Specialized to fight a specific pathogen. Release antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Make up 7% - 8% of protein. Help balance water flow between blood and cells. There are around 50 different types that fall into three categories: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that dissolves clots after the wound has healed. Digests fibrin. Its inactive form is plasminogen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inactive form of plasmin. |
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Term
|
Definition
aka Thrombocytes
"Clot cell"
A formed element. Essential role in blood clotting. Fragments of megakaryocyte cells. Has small, purple-staining granules in the cytoplasm. 250 - 500 thousand cells per mm3 of blood. 200 billion are produced per day. Mature after a week, and circulate for 5 - 10 days. Contain substances that stop the loss of blood through damaged blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Platelets clinging to collagen on the surface of a torn blood vessel. Platelets swell and form extensions that stick to other platelets, and release chemicals that attract more platelets. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, noncancerous growth in the colon. Can become cancerous, causing colorectal cancer. This could take up to 10 years. Sometimes bleeds; blood in the stool can be a sign of a polyp. Removed and inspected to determine if it is cancerous. Detected with a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. |
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Term
| Positive feedback mechanism |
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Definition
| Regulates the secretion of some hormones. Eventually something stops the positive feedback mechanism. Example: oxytocin causes uterine contractions, wchih cause release of more oxytocin. When the baby is delivered, the positive feedback mechanism is cancelled. |
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Term
| Positron emission tomography (PET scan) |
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Definition
| Produces a 3D image of the heart as blood flows through it. The patient receives an intravenous injection of a radioactive tracer that emits positrons which are picked up by the scanner. Used to diagnose heart diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between meals. Energy stores mobilized to supply minimum primary fuel loads in the blood plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| After a concussion, such as from whiplash. Return to normal after 12 months. Physiological complexity is vulnerable during this time. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 - 6 hours following a meal. Macronutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. Rise in amino acids, fats, and glucose. Increase stimulates removal of blood glucose, inhibits glucose production. Incretins enhance the effect of insulin. The stomach releases gastrin. The small intestine releases cholecystokining. These factors and leptin cause a decrease in appetite. Ghrelin production is reduced. |
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Term
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| Between 12% and 35% of people who witnessed the 9/11 tragedy suffered from it a year later. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smaller lobe of the pituitary gland; the size of the head of a pin. Connected to the hypothalamus by nerves. Does not produce any hormones; hormones are delivered by nerve cells, and the posterior lobe secretes them. Secretes ADH and OT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibres that cannot be digested by humans. Bacteria in the colon digest them. Example: cellulose, inulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rings of smooth muscle in arterioles that regulate blood flow into arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| The P in PLAN. A way that antibodies defend agains antigens. Antigen-antibody binding causes antigens to clump and precipitate out of solution, making antigens easier to be engulfed by phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Healthy range. A predictable range over which a variable will vary in allostasis. Challenges are deviations out of this range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teeth that grind food. There are eight. |
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Term
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Definition
| A source of stress. When we feel forced to speed up, slow down, intensify, or shift the direction of our behaviours. May be based on personal goals or from outside influences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Come from food. Digestion and absorption. Sugars, fats, and proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first time an antigen invades. There is no immunity developed. Response is limited and slow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbes consumed intentionally to repopulate microbes of the GI tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the ovaries. Lipid-soluble. Develops female secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. In women it stimulates the breasts to produce milk. It interferes with estrogen, disrupting the menstrual cycles of lactating women. In men it plays a role in the production of sperm cells. Excess secretion (caused by a tumor in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland) can cause infertility and/or milk production in women when birth has not occurred. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A local signal molecule. Lipids. Continuously released by the plasma membranes of most cells. Different cells release different types. There are at least 16 different prostaglandins in humans. Have diverse effects. Influence blood clotting, body temperature, diameter of airways to lungs, inflammatory response, the reproductive system, and menstrual cramps. Inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, and ibuprofen. Prostaglandins in semen may cause uterus to contract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the liver, blood proteins, and muscles. Most tissues increase protein synthesis. Protein is not called to for energy unless absolutely necessary. In a long fast, tissue proteins can be broken down into amino acids and released in the blood. The liver then converts them into glucose. Protein in the GI tract and muscles waste away while proteins in the heart and brain are protected until the latest stages of starvation. 22% of energy stored. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of cartilage. Provide compressive strength and regulate matrix water content. Composed of subunits of glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, and keratin sulfate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plasma protein that is converted into thrombin by prothrombin activator. Produced in the liver. Vitamin K is necessary for its production. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plasma protein that is activated by clotting factors. Converts prothrombin into thrombin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A gene which can be an oncogene under certain circumstances. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person's adaptive capacities and intelligence. Awareness of individual capacities, self-efficacy, and ability to adapt to situations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A characteristic that helps some people cope with self-imposed stresses associated with type A personalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in an initial increase in core body temperature, but then it lowers to a point just above normal set point. Skin temperature decreases. Blood pressure increases. Fasting blood glucose increases, but this is variable. Saliva production may change. Polygraph machines (lie detectors) measure these changes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The arteries which deliver blood from the heart to the lungs. The only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood. Receive blood from the pulmonary trunk. Part of the pulmonary circuit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The circuit of the cardiovascular system pumped by the right side of the heart. Drives gas exchange in the lungs. The pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated and returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins. |
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Term
| Pulmonary semilunar valve |
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Definition
| The semilunar valve which ensures no backflow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An artery which receives blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve and diverges into the left and right pulmonary arteries. Part of the pulmonary circuit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The veins that deliver blood from the lungs to the heart. The only veins that carry oxygenated blood. Enter the heart at the left atrium. Part of the pulmonary circuit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inner layer of the crown of a tooth. Contains blood vessels and nerves. Connects to the body through the root canal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surges in blood pressure caused by heart contractions. The elastic fibres in arteries help them tolerate pulses. Or one wave of change in homeostasis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A series of muscle fibres branching off of the arterioventricular bundle that distribute the signal from the AV and SA nodes to the walls of the ventricles, causing them to contract during ventricular systole. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sphincter that separates the stomach and the small intestine. Involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
"Fire producer"
Raises the "thermostat" of the hypothalamus. Secreted during a fever. Some bacterial toxins can act as pyrogens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A wave of heart activity detected by an electrocardiogram. Generated by the spread of the SA node signal through the ventricles, and ventricle contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| How bacteria communicate with one another. A chemical language. Receptors take a census of the poulations of bacteria in environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The artery which delivers blood to the hands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The veins that carry blood away from the hands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Radionuclides are injected into the bloodstream. Used to diagnose heart diseases. |
|
|
Term
| Reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
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Definition
| Superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, et cetera. Can induce mutations in the mitochondrial DNA, which can accelerate aging. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The range of homeostatic distrubances that the body can recover from. |
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Term
|
Definition
Predictive range + Reactive range
Developed by Romerao, Dickens, and Cyr, and modified by McEwen and Wingfield. A model for integrating homeostasis and allostasis. A property of the CCN. The total healthy scope an individual can react to. Outside of this scope, may or may not return to homeostasis; pathology and death can occur. The scope can narrow due to stress, or damage to ability to cope with stress. Duration of this narrowing can be permanent. |
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| Stress can cause alterations in physiological responses in some people more than others. Proposed by Krantz and Manuck in 1984. Genetic environmental factors combine to influence a person's individual vulnerability to physiolgoical response following stress and negative emotions. |
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| A protein on a target cell which allows it to react to specific hormones. Includes first messenger. |
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| The second segment of the large intestine. Passageway for feces. Stretching stimulates the defecation reflex. |
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aka Erythrocytes
"Red cell"
Originate from erythroblasts. 2 million are produced in a second. The most abundant formed element; 4 - 6 million per mm3 of blood. Transport oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body, and carry some carbon dioxide away. Lacks a nucleus. A biconcave disk; this shape maximizes surface area for gas exchange. Flexible; able to squeeze through capillaries. Contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules. Its lack of a nucleus makes protein repair impossible. Old damaged red blood cells are removed in the liver and spleen and consumed by macrophages. |
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| A lymphoid organ. A porous, sponge-like connective tisssue inside bones that supports fat cells. Foun in the ends of long bones, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae. Stem cells divide and differentiate into erythroblasts, myelobasts, monoblasts, lymphoblasts, or megakaryoblasts, which mature into the formed elements of blood. |
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| One of the four cardinal signs of inflammation. Histamine stimulates blood vessels to dilate in the damaged area. Blood flow is increased, delivering phagocytes, blood-clotting proteins, and defensive proteins, and washing away dead cells and toxins produced by invading microbes. |
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| When the sensation of pain is perceieved to be in a place other than actual damaged tissues. Occurs when there is damage to internal organs; specific regions of the skin sense pain when specific internal organs are damaged. Sensory neurons from the internal organ enter the spinal cord via the same spinal nerve as sensory neurons from their corresponding skin region. |
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Definition
| A mseasure of the strength of the relationship between risk factor and particular cancer. |
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Definition
| Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that cause the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release hormones. Includes GHRH. |
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Definition
Rapid eye movement
Improves emotional memories. Dreams and nightmares occur. |
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Definition
| The arteries that deliver blood to the kidneys. |
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Definition
| The veins that carry blood away from kidneys. |
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Definition
| Part of the stilbene family of polyphenols. Found in red wine. An anti-aging compound. |
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Definition
| Support and defense non-parenchymal cells of lymphoid origin. |
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Definition
| Support and defense non-parenchymal cells of lympoid origin. |
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Definition
| The second stage of GAS. Begins immediately after alarm kicks in. Adaptation resources are mobilized. The endocrine system is involved. |
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Definition
| An inflammatory compound. |
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Definition
| Fuel + O2 + Pi + ADP → CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat |
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Definition
| One of the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Sticky mucous traps pathogens and constantly beating cilia sweep away mucous, which is swallowed, coughed, or sneezed. |
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Definition
| A blood type marker that is either present or not. Discovered in Rhesus monkeys. Types include Rh positive and Rh negative. Antibodies for Rh factor are only produced in Rh negative people, if they have been exposed to Rh positive blood in the past. |
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Definition
| A blood type where Rh factor is not present on red blood cells. Rh factor antibodies are produced only if the person has had contact with Rh+ blood in the past, such as in a mismatched blood transfusion, or damaged blood vessel during miscarriage or delivery of an Rh+ child. Can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. Second exposure to Rh+ blood can ressult in agglutination. Prevented with RhoGAM. |
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Definition
| A blood type where the Rh factor is present on red blood cells. Rh factor antibodies are never produced. |
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Definition
| An autoimmune disorder. When antibodies released to fight an antigen happen to also attack similar molecuels in the body, such as molecules in the valves of the heart or joints. Can cause stenosis. |
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Definition
| Caused by a streptococcal infection of the throat which leads to the immune system attacking heart cells. |
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Definition
| A drug which kills Rh+ blood cells, preventing an Rh- person from producing Rh factor antibodies. Administered to Rh- mothers pregnat with Rh+ children in the seventh month of pregnancy and after delivery. Prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn. |
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Definition
| Receives blood from the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava. Connects to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve. |
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| Pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary circuit. Includes the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and pulmonary semilunar valve. |
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Definition
| A lymphoid organ. Returns lymph from the upper part of the body to the blood. |
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Definition
| Receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve, and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary semilunar valve. |
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Definition
| The part of a tooth below the gum line. Contains the root canal. Covered with cementum. |
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Definition
| A tiny tunnel through which blood vessels and nerves of the pulp cavity of a tooth connect to the body. |
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Definition
| A gastric bypass surgery for weight loss. A small pouch is created in the upper stomach and attached directly to the small intestine, bypassing most of the stomach and duodenum. Results in 40% - 50% weight loss within a year. |
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Definition
| A type of encapsulated nerve ending that senses continuous pressure. |
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Definition
| Repeating actin and myosin myofibrils in skeletal muscles. Contract when stimulated. |
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| One of the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Produced by salivary glands. Washes microbes from the teeth and mucous membranes of the mouth. Moistens food and binds food particles together to form a bolus. Contains lysozome and salivary amylase. |
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Definition
| An enzyme in saliva. Digests polysaccharides into shorter molecules. |
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Definition
| Accessory organs. There are three pairs: sublingual, submandibular, and parotid. Release saliva into the mouth. Release of saliva is controlled by neural control by the thought, smell, or taste of food. |
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Definition
| Cancer in mesodermal tissues. Bone and muscle. Metastasizes through the blood. Less common, but more virulent than carcinomas. Forms solid tumours. |
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Definition
| Ange-related decline in quality and quantity of skeletal muscle. Prevented with physical activity and weight lifting. There is no cure. |
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Definition
| A referred pain perceived in the leg. A type of low back pain. Caused by a disk problem that puts pressure on nerves. Constant pain, which can improve when lying down. Treated with medication. |
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Term
| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| A condition caused by over-secretion of melatonin. A form of depression associated with winter, when days are short and the pineal gland over-produces melatonin due to the darkness. Lethargy, long periods of sleep, low spirits, craving of carbohydrates. Occurs between October and April. 75% of people with SAD are female. Treatments include bright lights for an hour each day, inhibiting melatonin production. |
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Definition
| A nonspecific defense of the local support and defense system. When the first lines of defense are penetrated. Attacks any foreign organism, molecule, or cancer inside the body. Non-specific. Incldues defensive cells, defensive proteins, inflammation, and fever. |
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Definition
| Activated by first messenger when it binds to water-soluble hormone. Influences the activity of the cell. |
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Definition
| Hypertension that can be attributed to a specific factor such as kidney disease, obesity, or tumours in the adrenal glands. |
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Definition
| The second time an antigen invades, memory cells cause the response to be much faster and more efficient. It takes 2 - 3 days, compared to the 7 - 14 days it takes during the first invasion. |
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Definition
| A hormone released by the small intestine, triggered by the presence of chyme in the small intestine. Triggers release of sodium bicarbonate ions from the pancreas into the small intestine. |
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Definition
| Contractions of the muscularis layer of the GI tract that mix lumen contents and assist in absorption of digested food. Found in the small intestine. Movement in both directions. |
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Definition
| Belief in one's own skills and performance abilities. Based on past successes and failures. Low when the person believes that their performance is outside of their control. High self-efficacy can reduce stress. |
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Definition
| Valves that prevent backflow from arteries into the ventricles of the heart. Include pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve. Cusps are attached to the inner walls of arteries. When pressure in arteries is greater than that in the ventricle, they fill with blood, preventing backflow. When they close it makes the "dub" sound in a heartbeat. |
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Definition
| An innervation component of the lymphatic system. |
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Definition
| After repeated exposure to a stimulus, sensory receptors may cease to send nerve impulses in response to the stimulus. Some sensory receptors cannot have sensory adaptation. |
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Definition
| A type of spinal nerve. Enter the spinal cord at the dorsal root. Cell bodies in the dorsal-root ganglion. |
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Definition
| Structures that respond to stimuli with a strength greater than the threshold level, by sending nerve impulses to the brain. The stronger the stimuli, the stronger the nerver impulse. Includes mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, pain receptors, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs. Includes external and internal receptors. Nerve endings are free or encapsulated. |
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Definition
| A partition which separates the right half of the heart from the left half of the heart. Each half has an atrium and a ventricle. |
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Definition
| The fourth layer of the GI tract. Below the muscularis layer. A thin layer of epithelial tissue supported by connective tissue wrapping around the GI tract, reducing friction with other abdominal organs. |
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Definition
| The balance point of homeostasis. Not a permanently fixed point. Can deviate based on time of day, month, year, lifestyle, and life history. |
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Definition
| A type of hemolytic anemia caused by abnormal hemoglobin: hemoglobin S. Red blood cells have a deformed crescent shape when blood oxygen is low. Cells are fragile and rupture easily, clogging blood vessels and clotting. |
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Definition
| A fibre-optic tube is snaked down the first third of the colon and screened for polyps. |
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Definition
| Caused by iodine deficiency in the diet. TH levels drop, and the lack of iodine for TH production causes the thyroid gland to enlarge in an attempt to filter more iodine from the blood. Treated with iodine supplements and/or TH administration. |
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Definition
aka Pacemaker
A cluster of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium near the superior vena cava. Sets the tempo for heartbeats. Its signal causes both atria to contract during atrial systole. The signal reaches the AV node. |
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Definition
| Its parenchymal cells are myocytes. Supports and contracts under stimulus, causing voluntary movement. Connects two bones via tendons across a joint. Composed of repeating muscle fibres which have actin and myosin myofibrils, making sacromeres. Stimulus causes calcium to release from the endoplasmic reticulum of the cells, allowing actin and myosin to interact, pulling the inner actin filaments toward each other in a sliding motion, shortening the sacromere. This causes a sudden requirement for energy, which is taken from stores of triglycerides and glycogen in the cells. Energy is released quickly without hormones or other factors. |
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Definition
| One of the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Its parenchymal cells are keratinocytes. A physical barrier with an acidic pH that discourages growth of organisms. Sweat and oil kill bacteria. The layer of dead cells filled with keratin is waterproof and makes skin resistant to most toxins and enzymes. Continuously shed and replaced about a million cells every 40 minutes. As cells shed, they take microbes with them. |
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Definition
| The body has four stages of SWS intermitted with REM sleep. People often do not get enough sleep. |
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Definition
| The first stages of sleep. There are four SWS stages. |
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Term
| Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrom (SBBOS) |
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Definition
| A disorder of motility in the GI tract. |
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Definition
| A portion of the GI tract. An organ with some endocrine cells. Releases vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, and cholecystokinin when it has acidic chyme in it. Its parenchymal cells are enterocytes. A long tube where nutrients and water are absorbed. Maltase, sucrose, lactase, and aminopeptidase, are released; neural control triggered by presence of chyme, and hormonal control triggered by vasoactive intestinal peptide. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion is completed. Has peristalsis. The mucosa has accordion-like folds, villi, and microvilli that increase surface area for absorption. Absorption is facilitated by active transport, facilitated diffusion, and simple diffusion. Monosacchardies, amino acids, water, ions, and vitamins enter blood capillaries. Micelles of fat enter cells and become chylomicron complexes before entering lacteals. |
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Definition
| A person's habits and roles relative to society's expectations. |
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Definition
| An irreversible situation in which a person is not treated as an active member of society. |
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Term
| Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) |
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Definition
| Invented by Holmes and Rahe in 1976. A measure of the amount of change in a person's life. |
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Definition
| A source of stress. Inflation, unemployment, poverty. |
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Definition
| Death of an entire organism. |
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Definition
| A portion of the peripheral nervous system. Carries sensory information about the world around us, resulting in conscious perception of light, sound, and touch. Controls voluntary movements. |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by delta cells in the pancreas and other digestive organs. Controls the secretion of glucagon and insulin. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Provide information or perceiving and understanding the world. Vision, hearing, balance, gustation, and olfaction. Most special sense receptors are located in the head in specific structures. |
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Definition
| Rings of muscles. Includes the upper esophageal sphincter, lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve, internal anal sphincter, and external anal sphincter. |
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Definition
| A device that measures blood pressure. An inflatable cuff that wraps around the upper arm and measures pressure inside the cuff. |
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Definition
| Loss or reduction of sensation and/or paralysis below the point of injury. Extent and location of injury determine the severity and how long symptoms last. New research into treatment includes use of nerve growth factors, stem cells, and robot limbs. |
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Definition
| There are 31 pairs, each of which originates in the spinal cord and services a specific region of the body; one on the left side and one on the right. Dorsal and ventral roots enter through an opening between vertebrae. Includes sensory neurons and motor neurons. |
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Definition
| A classification of bacteria. Spiral shaped. The least numerous type of bacteria. |
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Definition
| The largest lymphoid organ. Lymphocytes are produced. Removes old red blood cells, platelets, debris, and microorganisms from the blood. |
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Definition
| Removal of the spleen. The liver takes over the spleen's role. The spleen may partially grow back from tiny bits that are accidentally left behind. |
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Definition
| A mixture of glucose and sodium. The sodium optimizes the absorption of water because water follows sodium in fluid absorption. |
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Definition
| Recognized by Kübler-Ross. Not evevryone follows these steps exactly. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. |
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Definition
| Non-parenchymal cells that are included in the basic logic unit of hte local support and defense system. In the stem cell niche. In red bone marrow they divide and differentiate into erythroblasts, myeloblasts, monoblasts, lymphoblasts, or megakaroblasts that mature into the blood formed elements. |
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Definition
| Narrowing of a valve in the heart. May be congenital, due to calcification, or scarring from rheumatic fever. Fatigue, shortness of breath, exerceise intolerance, heart failure, fluid buildup in the lungs, death. Treated with artificial or biological heart valves. |
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Definition
| Narrowing of the spinal canal. When severe, nerves have difficulty keeping up with functions. Can cause neurogenic claudication. |
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Definition
| A metal mesh tube inserted into a coronary artery in an angioplasty. Prevents the artery from collapsing. Can trigger an inflammatory response. Some stents release sirolimus, which prevents cell division and formation of scar tissue. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Changes in the external or internal environment. The larger the change, the stronger the stimuli. |
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Definition
| A drug banned in-competition during sporting competitions. |
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Definition
| An organ with some endocrine cells. A portion of the GI tract. A J-shaped muscular sac. Has an extra layer: the oblique layer. One of the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Stores food, regulating release into the small intestine. It is expandable and is bound by the lower esophageal and pyloric sphincters. Liquefies food by mixing it with gastric juice, making chyme. Acid and proteases destroy pathogens. Chemical digestion of proteins. Gastric pits secrete mucous and gastric juice. Mucous protets the walls from digestion. Its walls are fully replaced every 3 days. Can absorb alcohol and Aspirin. Releases gastrin when it has food in it. |
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Definition
| Some cells have the ability to store primary fuels. |
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Definition
| Our mental and physical responses to the demands placed on us. Externally imposed factors that threaten or makes demands on our minds and bodies. Increases likelihood for many illnesses. |
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Definition
| Any physical, social, or mental event or condition that forces our minds and bodies to react or adjust. |
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Definition
aka Cerebrovascular accident
Blockage of a blood vessel that nourishes the brain. Caused by a thrombus, embolus, aneurysm, or hemorrhage in the blood vessels of the meninges. Death of nerve cells caused by interruption of blood flow. Extent of mental and physical impairment depends on the region involved. On the left side of the brain it can cause loss of sensation and the ability to move on the right side of the body, and difficulty speaking. On the right side of the brain it can cause neglect syndrome. Risk factors include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and alcohol intake. |
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Definition
| Non-parenchymal cells and extracellular matrix components (proteins, carbohydrate networks) in peripheral organs. Supports the functional portion of a gland or organ. |
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Term
| Sublingual salivary glands |
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Definition
| Salivary glands below the tongue. |
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Term
| Submandibular salivary glands |
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Definition
| Salivary glands below the jaw. |
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Definition
| The second layer of the GI tract. Below the mucosa layer. Connective tissue with blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. Delivers blood to the digestive system and picks up products of digstion. Nerves of the submucousal plexus co-ordinate muscle contractions. |
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Definition
| A part of the enteric nervous system found in the submucosa. Co-ordinate muscle contractions. |
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Definition
| An enzyme released by the small intestine. Digests sucrose into glucose and fructose. |
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Term
| Sudden athletic death (SAD) |
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Definition
| Heart failure due to pre-existing heart defects in athletes. |
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Definition
| A vein that carries blood from the uppor body to the heart. Enters the heart at the right atrium. |
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Definition
| Supress the activity of B and T cells after the antigen is successfully destroyed. |
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Definition
| Food is passed from the mouth to the esophagus. Consists of a voluntary stage where the tongue pushes the bolus towards the pharynx, followed by an involuntary phase. The esophagus opens, the soft palate prevents food from entering the nasal cavity, muscles contract, forcing the bolus into the esophagus, and the epiglottis prevents food from entering the respiratory system. |
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Definition
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Definition
| One of the four cardinal signs of inflammation. Histamine stimulates blood capillaries to be more permeable. FLuid seepsinto tissues, bringing blood-clotting factors that wall off the region, protecting surrounding areas from injury and preventing excessive blood loss. Increases oxygen and nutrient supply to cells. Swelling can hamper movement if the area is a joint. |
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Definition
| An innervation component of the lymphatic system. |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) |
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Definition
| The portion of the ANS responsible for stimulating stress response during times of stress. Singals the release of hormones. Fight or flight. Controlled by the hypothalamus. Uses mostly norepinephrine. Acts as a unified whole; all sympathetic neurons are connected. Dilates pupils, increases heart rate and breathing rate, et cetera. |
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Definition
| Where all the cells are connected by gap junctions. Example: the heart. All that is needed to make the heart pump is to polarize the cells. |
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Definition
| A hormone interaction. The effect of two hormones together is greater than the response to either hormone by itself. Example: epinephrine and glucagon cause more glucose to by released from the liver than glucagon alone. |
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Definition
| A layer of tissue surrounding joints. Secretes synovial fluids that nourish and lubricate the joint. |
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Definition
| The circuit of the cardiovascular system pumped by the left side of the heart. Conducts blood through body tissues. The aorta delivers oxygenated blood to all capillaries of the body, where it is deoxygenated and returned to the heart through the inferior and superior vena cava. |
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Definition
| A stage of the cardiac cycle. Contraction of the heart. Consists of atrial systole and ventricular systole. |
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Definition
| Blood pressure during systole as blood is forced into arteries. The highest blood pressure in the cardiac cycle. A healthy systolic pressure is 110 - 120 mmHg. |
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Definition
aka T lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus glands. Distinguish between MHC marked cells and unmarked cells. Do not react to MHC marked cells. Involved in cell-mediated immune response. Include helper T cells, memory helper T cells, effector helper T cells, naive cytotoxic T cells, memory cytotoxic T cells, and effector cytotoxic T cells. |
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Definition
| A wave of heart activity detected by an electrocardiogram. Generated as ventricles relax and return to their original electrical state. |
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Definition
| A form of arrhythmia. Abnormally fast heartbeat. |
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Definition
| Cells that are affected by a hormone. Have specific receptors on their surfaces. |
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Definition
aka Papillae
Extensions on the tongue with chemoreceptors which send flavour and smell information to the brain, stimulating salivary glands. There are five tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Wash away irritating substances and microbes. Contains lysosome. |
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Definition
| A form of technostress where the person is so immersed in technology that they risk losing their own identity. |
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Definition
| Stress generated by reliance on technological devices. A panicky feeling when they fail, and a state of near-constant stimulation. Can interact with other forms of stress, compounding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tear and crush food into smaller pieces. Eight incisors, four canines, eight premolars, and twelve molars. Has a crown and root. |
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Definition
| One of the lobes of the brain. Runs along the side of the brain under the frontal and parietal lobes. Deals with the sense of smell, taste, sound, and formation and storage of memories. |
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Definition
| The most common type of headache. In response to stress, we unconsciously contract the muscles of our head, face, and neck. A dull, steady ache like a tight band around the head. |
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Definition
| Male-only organs with some endocrine cells. There are two. Secretes lipid-soluble androgens. |
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Definition
| An androgene secreted by the testis and adrenal cortex. Lipid-soluble. Develops male secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of the brain. Located at the top of the brain stem, receives sensory and limbic information, processes it, and sends it to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of death and dying. |
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Term
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Definition
"Use it or lose it"
We use less of our mental and physical abilities as we age, and lose these abilities over time. Example: sarcopenia. |
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Term
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Definition
"It's in our genes"
Genetic variation in longevity genes influence lifespan. Studied by knocking out genes in test species and genetic studies of humans. Interleukin-6 may be a longevity gene. Mutations in mitochondria, caused by ROSs or mitockines accelerates aging. |
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Definition
"Rate of living"
Live fast, die young. Normal wear and tear of life, compounded by abuses to the system, results in accumulation of damage that is irreparable. Caloric restriction increases the lifespan of test species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sensory receptor. Detect changes in temperature. Specialized free nerve endings below the surface of the skin. There are different kinds that detect heat and cold. Widely distributed throughout the body. Numerous in the lips and mouth. Fast sensory adaptation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The homeostasis of temperature. Set point is around 37ºC, but deviates in a circadium rhythm. Depends on hormonal state, sleep cycle, life stage, time of year, and history of traumatic events. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lymphoid organ. Returns lymph from most of the body to the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first step of an immune response. Antigen gets through the first two lines of defense in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of strength of a stimulus where sensory receptors begin to send nerve impulses to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The converted form of prothrombin. Turns fibrinogen into fibrin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment for cardiovascular diseases. An injection of an agent such as a tissue plasminogen activator, which dissolves blood clots, and restores some blood flow. used within three hours of a heart attack. |
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Term
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Definition
| A blood clot lodged in an unbroken blood vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of the thymus gland. If done in childhood it could be very bad, but in adulthood there are only minor changes to the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the thymus gland. Promotes the maturation of red blood cells, T lymphocytes, and T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the thymus gland. Promotes the maturation of red blood cells, T lymphocytes, and T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An endocrine gland and lymphoid organ just behind the breastbone, over the heart. More prominent in infants and children because it decreases in size as we age. Secretes thymopoietin and thymosin which promote the maturation of red blood cells, T lymphocytes, and T cells. Red blood cell precursor cells travel to the thymus gland from bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. Site of maturation of white blood cells and antigen presentation and formation of memory B cells. |
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Definition
| A shield-shaped, deep red endocrine gland near the front of the neck. Has follicles lined with follicular cells which produce TH. Other cells are parafollicular cells which produce CT. The parathyroid glands are four round masses on the back of the thyroid gland. |
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Definition
| Produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Iodine is needed for its synthesis. Regulates metabolism, heat production, and blood pressure. Promotes development and function of nervous, muscular, skeletal, and reproductive systems. Nearly all cells in the body are target cells. Has broad effects. Release is controlled by TSH. Problems with TH secretion can cause simple goiter, cretinism, myxedema, and Grave's disease. |
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Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. A tropic hormone. Stimulates the synthesis and release of TH from the thyroid gland. |
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Definition
| A skeletal muscle with taste buds. Critical to speech and the manipulation of food. Sends information on taste to the brain. With teeth and saliva it forms a bolus of food and pushes it to the pharynx for swallowing. Does not have taste regions. |
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| Removal of the tonsils. Does not alter body function by much. Tonsils are removed if they are chronically swollen or irritated. Other organs adapt to take on its role. |
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Definition
| A lymphoid organ. Protects the throat from bacteria or foreign agents. Forms a ring around the entrance to the throat. Protects against disease-causing organisms that may be inhaled or swallowed. Storage and maturation of white blood cells. |
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Definition
| Fills people with Type A personalities with anger, distrust, and cynicism. |
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Definition
| The interaction of pesticide exposure and human health. |
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Term
| Transient ischemic attack |
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Definition
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| The second segment of the colon. |
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Definition
| Right atrioventricular valve. The AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. Has three cusps. |
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Definition
| A glycerol with three fatty acids. The type of fat we normally consume. Levels higher than 2.3 mM in the blood is a risk of cardiovascular disease. |
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Definition
| A hormone produced by an endocrine gland that influences another endocrine gland. Includes TSH and ACTH. |
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Definition
| A digestive enzyme released by the pancreas. Digests protein and polypeptides into smaller fragments. |
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Definition
| The parenchymal cells of the kidneys. |
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Definition
| A neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissues. Can be malignant or benign. |
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Definition
| An inflammatory compound. |
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Definition
aka Insulin-dependent diabetes
aka Juvenile-onset diabetes
A form of diabetes mellitus that accounts for 5% - 10% cases of diabetes. Develops in people younger than age 25. An auto-immune disorder where the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas, so the body cnanot produce insulin. Nausea, vomiting, thirst, excessive urine production. Treatment involved daily injections of insulin or an insulin pump, exercise, careful monitoring of the diet and blood glucose levels. Cannot be prevented or delayed. Risk factors are genetic, autoimmune, and environmental. |
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Definition
aka Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
aka Adult-onset diabetes
A form of diabetes mellitus that acounts for 90% - 95% of cases of diabetes. Usually develops after age 40, but can appear in younger people. Caused by a decreased sensitivity to insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Reults from an interaction between fatty acids, obesity, insulin resistance, and failure of the pancreas to compensate for insulin resistance. Insulin has a decreased ability to control blood glucose because tissues are less sensitive to it. Insulin can no longer supress liver glucose production or stimulate glucose uptake. Hyperglycemai results. Treatment invoves dietary restriction, exercise, and weight loss. 40% of people with type 2 diabetes need insulin injections. Can be prevented and/or delayed. Risk factors include obesity, high blood pressure, family history, and gestation diabetes. |
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Term
| Type A Behaviour and Your Heart |
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Definition
| A book by Friedman and Rosenman. Discusses coronary disease prone personality. Describes three personalities: Type A, B, and C. |
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Definition
| Blood with only A antigen on red blood cells. There are anti-B antibodies in the blood plasma. May receive blood transfusions of type A and O. |
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Definition
| Hard-driving, competitive, anxious, time-driven, impatient, angry, and perfectionistic. More prone to heart attacks and heart disease. Have a toxic core. Personality can be controlled and changed. |
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Definition
| Blood with both A antigen and B antigen on red blood cells. There are neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the blood plasma. May receive blood transfusions of any type of blood: A, AB, B, or O. |
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Definition
| Blood with only B antigen on red blood cells. There are anti-A antibodies in the blood plasma. May receive transfusions of type B and O. |
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Definition
| Relaxed, non-competitive. |
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Definition
| Thrive in stress-filled environments. Have good health while displaying type A patterns of behaviour. Psychologically hardy. Take control of actions and accept responsibility for their own behaviours. Turn down matters that are not personally important to them. Make healthful lifestyle choices. |
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Definition
| Blood with neither A antigen nor B antigen on red blood cells. There are both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the blood plasma. May receive blood transfusions of type O. |
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Definition
| A form of IBD. Inflammation of the lower colon. |
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Term
| Ultrafast computer tomography (CT) |
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Definition
| A faster form of X-ray. Used to diagnose heart diseases. |
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Definition
aka Savory
A taste. L-threonine. |
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| Upper esophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| The sphincter separating the mouth and esophagus. Voluntary control by the somatic nervous system. |
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Definition
| Inability to control urination. |
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Definition
| Female-only part of the endocrine system. Contains the placenta when pregnant. |
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Definition
aka Immunization
An injection of a harmless form of an antigen, stimulating active immunity. Genetically modified bacteria may be used to produce vaccinations. Second vaccinations may be needed later on in life. Vaccinations protect against many diseases and save millions of lives. The risk of reacting badly to a vaccination is much lower than ther isk of the disease it prevents. |
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Definition
| One of the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Beneficial bacteria create an acidic environment that discourages the growth of pathogens. |
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Definition
| Veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood. Pockets of connective tissue extending into the vein. |
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Definition
| A disorder of the veins. Abnormal structure of the vein wall. A cosmetic issue, not dangerous. |
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Term
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide |
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Definition
| A hormone released by the small intestine, triggered by chyme. Increases release of enzymes into the small intestine. |
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Definition
| Muscles around an artery contract, decreasing the diameter of the artery. Occurs in arterioles, and small to medium sized arteries. Regulates distribution of blood. |
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Definition
| Muscles around an artery relax, increasing the diameter of the artery. Occurs in arterioles, and small to medium sized arteries. Regulates distribution of blood. |
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Definition
| A blood vessel. Brings blood from capillaries to the heart. Drawn in blue. Blood is deoxygenated, except for the pulmonary veins. Capillaries merge to form venules, which merge into veins. Lower pressure, thinner walls, and larger lumens than arteries. Effected by varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis. Up to 65% of blood is in veins at any one point. Blood is moved without assistance of heart pulses: valves, skeletal muscle contractions, and the pressure changes caused by breathing drives blood flow. Includes jugular vein, superior vena cava, pulmonary vein, inferior vena cava, renal veins, iliac vein, radial veins, and femoral veins. |
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Definition
| Where motor neurons enter the spinal cord on the ventral side. |
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Definition
| The lower chambers of the heart. There are two; the left and right. Larger than atria, with thicker, more muscular walls. Atria connet to ventircles via AV valves, and blood exits ventricles through semilunar valves. |
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Definition
| Severe arrhythmia. When the heart's conductance system fails and cardiac muscles contract independently and out of sync with each other. Theheart is un-co-ordinated and becomes useless. Circulation stops. Death occurs shortly afterwards unless an effective heartbeat is reastored quickly, such as from an electric shock from an implantable defribillator. Can be prevented with an artifical pacemaker. |
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Definition
| The second stage of systole in the cardiac cycle. Both ventricles contract, forcing blood into the pulmonary trunk and aorta. Signalled by the AV node via the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibres. |
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Definition
| Narrower veins coming from capillaries. Have valves. The main site of lymphocytes crossing from blood into lymph nodes. |
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Definition
| A species of bactera that produce bioluminescence when in a culture with other bacteria. Live inside the Hawaiian bobtail squid, which uses the light to counteract their own shadow as a stealth technique |
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Definition
| Finger-like projections on the inner surface of the mucosa layer of the small intestine. Each villi contains a lacteal and blood capillary. Its surface has microvilli forming the brush border. Increase surface area for absorption. |
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| Adipose tissue surrounding internal organs. More metabolically active than adipose tissue on the periphery of the body. |
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| A vitamin that is necessary for red blood cell production. Its uptake is aided by intrinsic factor. An inability to uptake vitamin B12 can result in pernicious anemia. |
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Definition
| A vitamin that is necessary for the production of blood clotting agents including prothrombin. Deficiency can hamper blood clotting. Found in leafy greens, tomatoes, and vegetable oils. Produced by bacteria living in intestines. Antibiotic treatments can lead to vitamin K deficiencies. |
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Definition
| A method of the GI tract for expelling noxious sybstances. |
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Definition
| In May 2000 about 5000 people in the town of Walkerton drank water contaminated with E. coli, resulting in 2300 causes of gastrointestinal illness, 27 cases of HUS, and 7 deaths. |
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Definition
| A powerful blood thinner used to treat coagulation disorders. Can be used as rat poison. |
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Definition
| Includes proteins and peptide hormones. Cannot pass through the plasma membrane. Binds to the first messenger, which activates the second messenger in the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
| A traumatic brain injury. Can cause post-concussion syndrome. |
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Definition
aka Leukocyte
"White cell"
Removes wastes, toxins, and damaged/abnormal cells. Fights diseases. Increases in numbers when there is an infection; high WBC counts is indicative of an infection. May leave the bloodstream by squeezing between neighboring cells of blood vessels to reach the area of infection, damage or inflammation. Attracted by chemicals released by microbes or damaged cells. May engulf cells through phagocytosis. Includes granulocytes and agranulocytes. |
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Term
| White blood cell deficiency |
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Definition
| A disorder of the circulatory system. An immune deficiency. Includes X-SCID and HIV-AIDS. |
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Definition
| A component of the spinal cord. |
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| The eighth step in the immune response. When antigens are destroyed, suppressor T cells suppress activity of B and T cells. |
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Definition
| A company that tests athletes for banned substances. The logo is a green equal sign on a black background, to symbolize equality and fairness. |
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Definition
"Bubble boy"
A genetic immune disorder causing mutations early on in the stem cell system. A white blood cell deficiency. There is little ability to fight infection. The person must be kept in a sterilized environment. May be treated with gene therapy. |
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Definition
| An inter-species organ transplant. Includes biological heart valve replacements from pigs into humans. Requires immunosuppression therapy. |
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Definition
| A disorder of secretion in the GI tract. |
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Definition
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| Cues from the environment that set central clocks. Synchronize activities of the physiome. Example: sunlight, moonlight, and eating. Detected by sensory organs sending signals to visual processing centres in the brain. |
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