Multiple alleles present in a population due to stabilizing selection

-Balanced Polymorphism

-Endemic in Central Africa

-A mutation of the gene encoding hemoglobin causes red blood cells to collapse into a sickle shape

-Heterozygotes are resistant to severe effects of the disease malaria

-Alterationof habitat for settlement and agriculture

Heat and cold stress adaptations

-Body Size

-Skeleton, Pelvis

-Soft tissue

-Cranium, Angle of jaw

Measure the pattern and density of "body fat"

BMI

Body Mass Index

Long-term evolutionary changes characterize all individuals within a population or species

Short-term, temporary physiological response is called acclimatization

Sweat Glands

Body size, shape

-Metabolic rate and Shivering

-Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow from the skin, Vasoconstriction

-Increases in metabolic rate to release energy in the form of heat

-In mammalian species, body size tends to be greater in colder climates

-as Mass increases, the relative amount of surface area

decreases proportionately

-Because heat is lost at the surface - increased mass allows for greater heat retention and reduced heat lost

-Shorter appendages with high mass-to-surface ratios are adaptive in the cold - effective at preventing heat loss

-Longer Appendages with high surface area-to-mass ratios are adaptive in warmer climates - promote heat loss

-Hypoxia (reduced available oxygen)

-Intense solar radiation, cold nights

-Low humidity, wind -> dehydration

-Rapid heart beat, breathing

-Increased capacity to carry oxygen

(Hb, capillaries, Lung size)

-Tibet, Peru high-altitude adaptation

Infectious Disease

->

Major selctive pressure

-Influenced the frequency of alleles affecting the immune system

- Before the 20 century -> #1 factor limiting human population

-since the 1940's antibiotic use has reduced infectious disease mortality

 -1989-1992 deaths from infectious diseas uo 58%

-Global warming expanding range of tropical diseases

-Spread of disease associated with encountering people

    Crossing borders and penetrating remote areas

-Overuse of antobiotics

-Increasing Large population

Overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, spread of infectious disease

A biological Process

- Natural Selection

-Gene Flow

-Genetic Drift (founder effects)

-Mutation

Lactose Intolerance

-All human populations, infants, young children able to digest milk

-Gene for lactose production "switches off" in adolescense

Prosimians

60-65 mya

Tree shrews

Lemurs

Lorises

Tarsiers

Cebids

Marmosets ( 35 mya)

Old World Monkeys

25 mya

Baboons and Macaques

Colobuses and Langurs

Guenons and Mangabeys

Gibbons ( 18 mya)

Orangatuns (12 mya)

Chimpanzees (5-7 mya)

Bonobos

Gorillas (7-8 mya)

Long Gestation period, slow postnatal growth

adapted to arborial lifestyle

Dietary plasticity (eat variety of foods)

Quality parental investment strategy

Retention of polydactyly - 5 digits hand and feet

Prehensile hands and feet

Nails instead of claws

Presence of clavicle

Vertical body plan

Anatomical Characteristics

-De-emphasis on Smell - reduced snout

-Increased reliance on Vision

Color vision- stereoscopy

-Presence of at least Post-orbital bar

Tendency toward brain complexity and expansion (big brain)

Incisors are flat teeth that have a cutting edge, they are good for ripping or tearing

Canines are conical teeth with a pointed edge, they are good for puncturing

Premolars and molars are larger teeth with a crushing surface

tooth comb- lemurs and lorises

-Vertical Clinging and leaping (VCL)

-Arboreal Climbing

- Brachiation- True, modified and semi

true- flight

modified- uses tail

semi- no flight

- Quadrupedalism

- Bipedalism

Primate Classification

4 main groups

-Prosimians- all found under the suborder Prosimii

-New World Monkeys - All members of the infraorder Playrrhini

-Old World Monkeys - Member os the superfamily Ceropithecoidea

-Apes - Super Family Hominoidea

*humans in Hominoidea

Tooth comb

Grooming claw

Postorbital bar (no closure)

Super family 

Lorisformes - Lorises and galagos

Tarsiiformes - Tarsiers

Lemuriformes - lemurs

-Laterally placed eyes -> Olfaction

-Grooming claw - Specialized nail

-Tooth comb- Modified set of lower incisors

-Generally Climbers

- Have a tail

-Large Lemurs - Diurnal, herbivorious

-Small lemurs - Nocturnal, Insectivorous

monogamous family groups

-All nocturnal -> eyes

- Small

-Solitary/ Noyau

-Arborial Climbing quadrupedalism

-Tail - short maybe absent

-Diet: insectivorous

supplement with fruit, slugs, small animals

-Nocturnal

-Central Africa

-Leapers

-have tail

-Diet: fruit and insects

infraorder Loriformes contains lorises and galagos

-Small

-Nocturnal - large eyes

-Grooming claw

-Vertical clinger leapers

-Diet: insects and small vertebrates

-Southeast asia- Indonesia and philippines only

only purely carnivorous/insectorous primate

-Madagascar

-Nocturnal

-Specialized Morphology- long,thin digits. 3rd digit. rodent-like front teeth

-Worlds largest Nocturnal primate

-Woodpecker niche

-Diet: grubs, fruit and bamboo shoots

-Critically endangered, bad omen

-"man like"

-2 infraorders

-Platyrrhini (flat nose) - new world monkeys

-Catarrhini (downward facing nose) -old world monkeys, apes and HUMANS

-Atelidae

-53 species

-Small bodied

-Arboreal quadrupeds

-Diurnal (except Aeotus)

-Tail - (most) truly prehensile

-2133 dentition

-Aeotus only nocturnal monkey

-Central, S. America

-Tropical forest environment

-Mostly Herbivorous

-Smallest Monkeys

-Most Primitve

Exception- Non-prehensile tail

-twinning

-monogamy

-Asia and Africa - 78 species

-Diurnal

-Tails - Non-prehensile

-Arborial and terrestrial quadrupeds

-2123 dentition

-Colobine Monkeys

-arboreal

-leaf eaters

-polygynous

-Cercopithecinae

-baboons, Macaques

semi-terrestrial

Ishial Callosites

Omnivores

Cheek pouches

sexual dimorphism

Polygynous

Hominoidea- Apes and Humans

-African apes

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, paniscus)

Gorilla (Gorilla, Gorilla)

-Asian Apes

Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)

Gibbon (Hylobatidae)

-No tail

-Highly intelligent - depend on learned behavior

*lesser ape

-Genus Hylobatidae

-Gibbons and Siamangs

-Little sexual dimorphism

-Monogamous

-Brachiator (suspensory climbing)

-Most arboreal of all apes

-2123 (Y-5)

Pongo Pygmaeus

Very sexually dimorphic

Mainly arboreal

slow deliberate knuckle walking

2123 (Y-5)

Noyau

Frugivorous

Hominoidea-Gorilla

-Gorilla gorilla

-Very sexually dimorphic

-Terrestrial quadruped

-vegetarian

-2123 (Y-5)

-Multimale-multifemale group

-silverback male polygyny

-3 Varieties

-mountain- mt. woodland of central africa

-Lowland- dense forest of W. africa

-Pan troglodytes, paniscus

-Our closest relative

-Sexual dimorphism

-Frugivores (omnivores)

-2123 (Y-5)

-Multimale-multifemale groups

-Homo sapiens

-also, humans

-Diurnal

-no tail

-2123 with Y-5 molar

-monogamous

-Measured in terms of costs, benefits

-Strategies

-Ecologically-contingent

-Resources and reproduction

-Competition - M to M, Fm to Fm

-Cooperation

Grooming, alarm calls, Food sharing (usually mother to child)

-Smell

-Vocal

-Visual

-Decay is interrupted

-Necessary conditions

-Suitable remains (usually hard tissue)

-Quick Burial

-In depositional environment

-Found

-Destroyed

-Secondary deposition

-Innate bias

-Only small % fossilized

-Only small % found

-Some places/times more suitable for fossilization

Chronometric

-Carbon 14-up to 100 kyo

-k-argon / argon-argon - more than 100kyo

-dendrochronology- tree-ring dating, 8-10kyo