Term
| What are the skeletal changes needed to accomodate bipedalism? |
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Definition
| Reposistioning of the Foramen Magnum, additional S-shaped spinal curves, modified knee, short broad pelvis, angle of the femur, longer legs, and changes in the foot |
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Term
| 7 Models or hypothesis to explain bipedalism |
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Definition
1) Carrying Model -food, tools, children
2) Vigilence Model - elevates the head to spot food and danger
3) Heat Dissipation - upright body helps cool the body
4) Energy effiency - greater endurance
5) Foraging model - able to get food in trees and bushes
6) Display model - appear bigger
7) Walking in trees - opposable toes, use to walk |
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Term
| Difference between apes and hominins |
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Definition
| Apes have larger canines and diastemas with a U-shaped dental arcade. Hominins generate a flatter face with a reduced prognathism, thicker enamel, and a parabolic dental arcade. |
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Term
| 3 generes of primates from the miocene considered to be hominins |
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Definition
1) Sahelanthropus Tchadensis. Found in Chad 7.0 - 5.2 mya. Small teeth, no diastema, flat face
2) Orrinin tugensis. Found in Kenya 6 mya. Small teeth with thick enamel. Cranial and post cranial.
3) Contains 2 species of Ardipithecus
A) Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya
B) Ardipithecus kadabba 5.8 - 5.2 mya |
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Term
| What is the difference between Australopithecus and Paranthropus? |
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Definition
| Au is more gracile with smaller teeth and jaw, saggital keel, Paranthropus is more robust with larger teeth and jaw, saggital crest |
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Term
| Compare the difference between Homo and Au |
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Definition
| Larger, more rounded cranium, smaller, less proganthic face, smaller teeth, larger body and shorter arms |
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Term
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Definition
Southern Ape
Discovered by Raymond Dart
4.1 mya
340 - 500c.c.
small brain and body |
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Term
| State all the species of Australopithecus |
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Definition
Au. anamenis 4.2 - 3.9 mya E. Africa Meave Leaky
Au. afarensis 3.9 - 2.9 mya Laetoli. Lucy by Don Johansen
au. bahrelghzali - 3.5 - 3.0 mya in Chad
Au. africanus - 3.5 - 2.0 mya. tuang child is this species. south africa, raymond dart
Au. garhi - 2.5 mya Ethiopia perhaps first tool makers
Au. sediba - 1.97 - 1.70 mya similar to homo |
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Term
| Robust Australopithecus or Genus Paranthropus |
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Definition
Au. aethiopecus - 2.2 - 2.5 mya E. Africa
Au. boisei - 2.3 - 1.2 mya E Africa
Au. robustus - 2.0 - 1.5 mya S Africa |
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Term
| What is the difference between Homo and Australopithcus |
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Definition
| Larger more rounded cranium, smaller and less prognathic face, smaller teeth, overtime larger body, shorter arms |
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Term
| Homo habilis/ rudolphenis |
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Definition
1.4 mya East Africa
500 - 775 c.c.
Oldawan tool industry 2" cutting edge
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Term
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Definition
1.8 mya East Africa
700 - 1200 c.c.
Acheulean tool industy 8" cutting edge
Saggital keel, occipital bun
Java Man - Eugene Dubois |
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Term
| Comparison of H. ergaster and H. erectus |
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Definition
H. ergaster - E Africa Thinner cranial bones and less pronounced brow ridges
H. erectus - Asia Thicker cranial bones and more pronounced brow ridges |
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Term
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Definition
Found in Dmanisi 1.7 mya
small cranium
Lumpers classify as H. erectus
Splitters classify as H. georgicus |
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Term
| Why was fire so critical? |
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Definition
800,000 years ago
Used for heat, protection, social, cooking, and light |
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Term
| Characteristics of modern homo sapiens |
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Definition
c.c. 1000- 2000
skull is gracile
vertical forehead
slight or absent brow ridges
skull is high
small teeth and jaws
small and flat face |
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Term
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Definition
1.0 - 700,000 years ago
Spain
Occipital bun, low forehead |
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Term
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Definition
600,000 years ago
May have been the first to bury their dead
Wooden spears
Europe, West Asia and Africa |
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Term
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Definition
250,000 - 27,000 years ago
Europe and West Asia
large cranial capacity 1450 c.c.
Large nose and teeth
robust and stocky
Mousterian tool industry 40" cutting edge |
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Term
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Definition
75,000 years ago
Flores Island
Hobbit/ dwarf like
slade komodo dragons
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Term
| Replacement model (Out of Africa) |
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Definition
200,000 - 800,000 years ago
anatomically modern h.sapiens originated in Africa, then went out to Asia and Europe and eventually replaced all current exsisting species living ther. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species evolved form other species through gene flow. ex. homo erectus to heilbergensis, to homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
Anatomically modern homo sapiens in Europe only
120"cutting edge
burials with grave goods
made fire using 2 rocks cauding friction
atlatl |
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Term
| According to the splitters view of hominin taxonomy, which species where in existence? |
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Definition
| Au. sediba, h.habilis, h. rudolphensis, Au, boisei, Au. robustus, Au. aethiopecus, H. hedeilbergensis, H. florensis, H. anteccesor, h. ergaster |
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Term
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Definition
24-5 mya
first fossil apes appeared
proconsul - 18-20 mya - ancestor to all apes and humans
sivapithecus - 15 mya - early genera to living ape
gigantopithecus - 3-5 mya - Southeast Asia - largest primate to live |
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Term
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Definition
34 - 24 mya
First monkeys appeared
Fayum (Egypt)
Apidium, 2:1:3:3
Aegyptopithecus
New world monkeys rafted over from Africa to S.America through the Atlantic ocean |
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Term
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Definition
55 - 34 mya
Split between strep/ hap
adapiods and omomyoids |
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Term
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Definition
65 mya
Origin of primates
Purgatorius - likley candidate for primate ancestry
Plesiadipforms - ancestral to later primates
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Term
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Definition
Principle of faunal sucession
Determine the age between sites based on fossils found |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of geological depositsand their formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses radioactive decay of isotopes to gather age |
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Term
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Definition
Requires volcanic sediments
Volcanic sediments contain no argon, but over time potassium turns into argon. The half life is 1.3 billion |
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Term
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Definition
Half life is 5,730
Requires organic material
At the instant of death, carbon begins to decay at a known rate. They can determine age based on how much carbon is left
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Term
Geomagnetic polarity time scale
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Definition
| Records the orientation of sediments from different sediments ie. North and South Pole |
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