Term
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Definition
| Cultural, Biological/Physical, Linguistic, Archaeology |
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Term
| Dfine Species -Biological, Paleontological, Chronological |
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Definition
Biospecies - Mod bio
Paleospecies - Ancient - ID by fossils
Chronospecies - Separated by descent |
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Term
| Smith, Hutton, Lyell, Ussher, Buffon, Cuvier, Darwin, Goodall, Lamarck, Linnaeus, Malthus, Wallace |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A, B, O - 3 poss alleles that determine blood type
2 alleles -> 3 possible combos
3 alleles -> 6 possible combos
Homozygous / Heterozygous (pg. 51)
AA, BB, OO / AO, BO, AB (pg. 69) |
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Term
| Absolute versus Relative Dating |
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Definition
- Carbon dating and tree rings - assigning dates to events in earth history i.e. Cretaceous Extinction 65 MYA
- Stratigraphy - dates placed in sequence w/o reference to age in years |
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Term
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Definition
Works b/c some phenotypes are more successful than others.
Evolved phenotypic traits that increase organism's reproductive success |
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Term
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Definition
Dominance - hierarchies
Communication -
Aggression -
Affiliative Behaviors - |
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Term
| Allele / Allele Frequency |
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Definition
| Blood type (A,B,O) is example / Frequency of particular allele in a given interbreeding population (organisms present in specific location and time). |
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Term
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Definition
- Traits, physical characteristics (what shows). Evo acts on phenotype.
- Set of specific genes (or alleles) an organism carries - influences phenotype. (pg. 69) |
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Term
| Allopatric, Parapatric and Sympatric Speciation |
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Definition
- Triggered by geographic separation between 2 pops. of same species - interrupting gene flow.
- 2 pops occur adjacent to one another w/ continuous gene flow - usually over large geographic area & often has overlap zone
- No spatial separation, Eco factors create more than one phenotype in single pop - rare in animals, but well documented in plants. (pg. 107, 109) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1874 - body size relative to temp - colder climate = larger, stockier body |
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Term
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Definition
Relative ratio of leg to arm length; gives idea of locomotion
i.i. = length of forelimb/length of hindlimb x 100
ave. = 90
95 terrestrial quadrupeds
85 arboreal quadrupeds
70 clingers/leapers
130 suspensory
72 biped |
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Term
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Definition
-Body fossils - bones
-Trace fossils - Remnants, but not body parts - footprint, poo, egg shell
-Chemical fossils - Biogenic organic compounds, may be detected geochemically in rocks |
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Term
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Definition
-Vertical clinging and leaping
-Arboreal quadrupedal leaping
-Arboreal quadrupedalism
-Terrestrial quadrupedalism |
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Term
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Definition
-Unaltered -
-Permineralized -
-Recrystalization -
-Replacement - of crystals
-Carbonization - |
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Term
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Definition
Extremely important windows into past
-Concentration - High amounts of fossil material
-Conservation - Unusually well-preserved forssil |
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Term
| Primate Cladistic Tree (Including indris, lemur, loris, tarsiers) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Modes of evolutionary change
- 1 species evolves into another new species over time /
- 1 species branches into multiple new species (pg.107) |
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Term
| Out of Africa VS Multiregional Hypothesis |
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Definition
- Replacement - Mod humans evolved in 1 location & then spread geographically, replacing other earlier hominin pops - little or no admixture
- Mod humans evolved w/ gene flow between mid to late Peistocene hominin pops from dif regions - no single location where 1st evolved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Human race (biological terms) / Common usage - Phenotypic traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows evo to work - magnitude of geologic time - vast - millions or billions of years |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.) Mutation (makes us different - provides raw material for evo) 2.) Gene Flow/Migragion (trade of alleles across species - makes us similar) 3.) Genetic Drift (founder effect) 4.) Nonrandom Mating 5.) Natural Selection (makes pop better adapted for enviro) |
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Term
| Mitosis and Meiosis (implications for evolution) |
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Definition
- Process of normal somatic cell division - 4 steps/
- Process of cell division - sex cells - 1 copy of each chromosome - crossing over leads to novel rearrangements of genetic material |
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Term
| Types of Selective Pressure (directional, distruptive, stabelizing) |
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Definition
-1 Genotype is selected for by phenotype - one of best ways to create new species (beak size, brain size) /
-? /
-Center matters - having traits in middle (babies too small die, babies too big have trouble fitting thru birth canal |
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Term
| Geology of Earth (specifically related to affects on Mammals) |
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Definition
Geologic/Deep time - allows evo to work
Enviro pressure - when "unchecked", pop will grow geometrically (multiplied instead of added)
Superfecundity |
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Term
| hemoglobin, carotene, melanin |
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Definition
Adaptive significance of human variation; Skin color is influenced by 3 substances:
Hemoglobin: protein in erythrocyte that carries oxygen, gives a reddish tinge on the skin
Carotene: a plant pigment which the body synthesizes into Vit. A; provides a yellowish cast
Melanin: has the ability to absorb UV radiation, preventing damage to DNA
- Sickle cell caused by abnormal hemoglobin molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Stable enviro, few offspring, lots of care into offspring, long maturation period, multiple reproduction opportunities - primates |
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Term
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Definition
Dentition shows specialization characteristics according to diet and food availability for a species. i.e. Long, sharp canines for predatory beh/slicing, cutting. Large flat molars for grinding (plant material)
Human: 2.1.2.3. (also old world monkeys, apes)
2.1.3.3 = strephsini, plathyrrhini
Catarhini: 2 sets of premolars
Baboons: canines are shaped by other teeth; huge canines
Small Apes (gibbon) large canine for defense and sexual selection, Asian great apes (Orangutan) 2.1.2.3 sexual dimorphism, strong jaws & teeth |
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Term
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Definition
Primates: Highly developed sense of touch, poorly developed sense of smell; highly developed sense of sight; stereoscopic (3D sight for excellent depth perception), caused increased brain size, color vision
Huge eyes = night/ dusk creatures (lemurs, tarsiers)
Enclosed bony eye orbits in skull – protect eye more effectively than open orbit of lower mammals, more complete in haplorhines
Strepsirhines = nocturnal, haplorhines diurnal - diurnal animals have greater need for color vision to find plant foods and fruits; also complex patterns of visual communication in place of scent-marking communication (used by nocturnal primates)
Fovea centralis (central nerve cluster in eyes) allows the primate to focus on a particular object without losing sight of surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
Punctuated equilibrium - occurs when large # of taxa go extinct in geologically rapid period
-Big five (universally recognized mass extinctions) - End Ordivician, Late Devonian, Permian-Triasic, Triassic-Jurassic, Cretaceous-Tertiary
We are currently in human driven mass extinction |
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Term
| Micro and Macro Evolution |
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Definition
-Concept of change in allele frequency w/in a species /
-Rapid, large-scale evo changes (punctuated equilibrium - long periods of stasis punctuated by bursts of rapid evo change) - produces gaps in fossil record. (pg. 110) |
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Term
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Definition
cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun
1. Eccentricity - Longest cyclical process - shape of orbit
2. Obliquity - Relative angle of tilt
3. Axial Precession - Relative wobble of Earth |
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Term
| DNA, MtDNA, and Chromosomes |
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Definition
- Genetic material /
- MtDNA - Mitochondrial DNA - passed on only through the mother - easier to amplify than nuclear DNA for extracting frm ancient bone samples (pg.62) /
- 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) |
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Term
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Definition
all of the descendants of the first four-limbed vertebrates which people once believed emerged from aquatic environments to colonize land.
375 mio years ago: fish = legs to move out of water; from them to dinosaurs & humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics that show differently between males and females of a species - beyond just proportional difference due to size. i.e. Huge canines in male chimps |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of organisms to produce more offspring than can possibly survive; the geometric growth of a biological population beyond the resources of the environment. |
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Term
| Taxonomy and Binomial Nomenclature |
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Definition
Classification or grouping system for living beings created by Linnaeus
2-part name - Genus and species - (Homo sapiens) |
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Term
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Definition
| Australopithecus afarensis - found by Johanson in Hadar, Ethiopia in 1974 |
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Term
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Definition
| (1581 – 1656) Irish bishop; “Ussher chronology”; provided time frame for understanding the natural history of the Earth for more than 2 centuries by counting backward using the ages of the main characters of the Old Testament, arrived at 4004 BC as year of creation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1707- 1778) Swedish botanist; “Linnaean hierarchy”; created most comprehensive classification of the plant world; also sorting organisms into categories: taxonomy – applied a hierarchy of names to the categories of similarity; binominal nomenclature |
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Term
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Definition
| (1707 -1788) French; recognized influence of the environment on life-forms; observed that animals that migrate to new climates often change in response to new environments |
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Term
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Definition
| (1726 – 1797) Scottish; “Uniformitarianism & deep time”; Theory of the Earth; theory that the same gradual geological process we observe today was operating in the past; father of modern geology |
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Term
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Definition
| (1744 -1829) French; “Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristic”; “Hereditary”; all organisms make adjustments to their environment during their lifetime that could be passed on to their offspring, making those offspring better adapted to their environment (believed evolutionary change during the lifetime of an individual); relationship btw organism & its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| (1766 – 1834) British; “Natural selection”; his essay on the Principle of Population led Darwin to the principle of natural selection; stated that human populations could double in size every 25 years if they weren’t kept in check by limited food supplies. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1769 -1832) French; “Catastrophism”; theory that there have been multiple creations interspersed by great natural disasters such as Noah’s Flood; replacement populations were thought to be more advanced than originals |
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Term
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Definition
| (1769 – 1839) English geologist; “Strata”; creator of first geological map; fossils were different in different levels; strata – rocks that layer themselves (Smith & Lyell & Hutton & deep time/geology) |
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Term
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Definition
| (1797 -1875) British; “Deep time”; also a father of geology, Principles of Geology, proponent of uniformitarianism, earth’s history could be understood only in the context of deep, ancient changes in geology; slow & gradual change was the way of the physical world, in older rock sediments, one would find increasingly primitive forms of life |
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Term
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Definition
| (1809 – 1882) English; “Natural selection”; Origin of Species & Descent of Man; on the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle of life; Galapagos finches; natural selection = principle mechanism of evolutionary change by which the individuals best adapted to the environment contributed more offspring to succeeding generations than others do; the characteristics of the population evolve in the gene pool |
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Definition
| (1823 – 1913) British; “natural selection”; independently discovered the key to the evolutionary process |
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Definition
| (b. 1934), British primatologist; the first researcher to immerse herself in the lives of the animals, following them for years and learning intimate details of their lives; world’s expert on chimpanzees (Tanzania) |
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