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| Australipiticus Afarensis |
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Definition
gracile "Lucy" dates - 4.3 to 2.3 mya pliocene size -400-600 cc -66-176 lbs -3'5" to 4'11" found - East & South Africa (by Johanson) tools - no evidence of tool making features - both terrestrial and arboreal low, flat forehead. projecting face. prominent brow ridges. |
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| Australipithicus Africanus |
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Definition
gracile dates - 3.0 to 2.0 mya pliocene size - 400 to 500 cc 66 to 154 lbs found - South Africa (by Robert Dart) tool - no tools features - protruding face, small brain, prominent brow ridges |
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Definition
robust date - 2.3 to 1.4 mya pliocene size - 410 to 530 cc 75 to 108 lbs found - Eastern Africa (by Mary Leakey) tools - none features - Heavy build, prominent sagital crest, thick jaws and large molars, marked sexual dimorphism |
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| Australopithecus Robustus |
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Definition
"chewing machine" robust dates - 2.5 to 1 mya pliocene size - 530 cc 71 to 92 lbs 3'7" to 4'4" found - Eastern Africa tools - modified bones may have been used to dig for buried food (roots, nuts) features - very heavy build. prominent sagital crest. flat face. thick jaws, large molars, marked sexual dimorphism. |
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"handy man" scavenger? dates - 2.3 to 1.6 mya plio-pleistocene size - 500 to 650 cc found - Eastern Africa (by the Leakeys) tools - Oldowan tools features - teeth smaller, brain larger. increase in cranial vault height and thickness, reduced lower facial prognathism, reduction in size of molars. Thinner jaw. |
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dates - 1.8 to 1.2 mya pleistocene size - 750 to 1250 cc found - Africa into Asia tools - Acheulean tools features - higher cranial vault, thinner cranial bone, increased brain size. increased body size means that relative brain size has increased little. brow ridges, short face, projecting nasal aperture. |
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dates - 1.8 to 0.3 mya pleistocene size - 800 to 1300 cc found - East and South Africa, and Asia tools - Acheulean stone tools. Biface: hand axe or cleaver. Lavallois technique for controlling flake size and shape. fire. features - High cranial vault, thinner cranial bone, no sagital crest, smaller teeth. VERY TALL, big brain. unpronounced chin. |
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Definition
dates - 600 to 100 tya middle pleistocene size - 1100 to 1400 cc
found - Africa and Europe tools - Achelean features - transitional species between Homo erectus and later hominids. In Africa, H. heidelbergensis evolved into H. sapiens. In Europe, H. heidelbergensis evolved into Neanderthals. |
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dates - 250 to 30 tya size - 1200 to 1750 cc found - europe, asia, middle east
tools - Mousterian tools (200,000 - 40,000 years ago)
Chatelperronian tools (40,000 to 28,000 years ago) features - |
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Definition
dates - 100 tya to present size - 1200 to 1700 cc found -
tools - Mousterian tools (200,000 to 40,000 years ago) Chatelperronian tools (40,000 to 34,000 years ago) Solutrean tools (22,000 to 19,000 years ago) Magdalenian tools (18,000 to 12,000 years ago) features - chin, small jaws
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oldest known tools chipping stones for a cutting edge single blow of one rock homo habilis[image] |
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Definition
Stone tools from the Lower and Middle Pleistocene Bifacial tools (flaked on both sides) Common in Africa, Southwest Asia, and Western Europe Biface: hand axe or cleaver 1.5 million years ago in East Central Africa. Thesetools are associated with Homo ergaster and western Homo erectus. [image] |
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Upper paleolithic 28,000 ya 40,000 to 28,000 years ago is associated with both Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis throughout Europe and parts of Africa. |
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Upper Paleolithic industry France and Spain Blade tools hand axes Neanderthal |
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| Late Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic) African Tools |
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Definition
26 and 27 kya microliths - thumbnail sized stone flakes hafted to make knives, saws, etc. blades bone craftwork |
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Definition
Upper Paleolithic specialized flaking techniques, works of art (22,000 to 19,000 years ago) introduced very elegant tool designs made possible by heating and suddenly cooling flint stones to shatter them in carefully controlled ways. |
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Definition
last stage in Upper Paleolithic 18,000 to 12,000 years ago flaked stones for arrows/spears spear-thrower wood/bone hooked rod to throw spear |
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middle miocene ape Europe oldest and most primitive gibbon sized primate sagittal crest |
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middle miocene ape mystery africa and asia |
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middle miocene ape largest primate (900 lbs, 10") pakistan & india |
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Middle Miocene ape arboreal |
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First True Hominoid Africa |
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23mya to 5mya Hominoids Heavily forested in beginning Cooler climate at the end -> made forests less continuous |
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5.3mya to 1.8mya All australopithecus Gracile: Afarensus Africanus Robust: Boisei Robustus Begining of h. habilis |
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1.8mya to 0.01mya H. Habilis H. Egaster H. Erectus H. Heidelbergensis Archaic H. Sapiens Neanderthals Ice Age |
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began 0.01 mya Homo Sapiens First h. sapien, 100,000 years ago |
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theory of genetic equilibrium establishes a set of conditions in a population where no evolution occurs. infinitely large = no genetic drift no mutation no gene flow no natural selection mating is random evolution will always occur because you can never meet the mathematical standards for a stand-still |
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