Term
| Darwin's Definition of evolution |
|
Definition
| Descent with modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Change in the gene frequency of a population over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A segment of DNA molecule containing the code for a specific kind of protein molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Numeric indicator of the genetic make up of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A community of individuals, of the same species, where mates are commonly found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Genes found at a particular locus or the complete genetic makeup of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The observed or measurable characteristics of an organism. Is the results of a complex interaction between the environment and the genotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alterations in the genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluctuations in allele frequencies due to chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of genes between populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation, Genetic Drift, Migration, Non-random Mating, Natural Selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic or genotypic similarities or differences rather than mating randomly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differential fertility and mortality of variants within a population. Directional force and the strongest force in evolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small changes occurring within a species, such as a change in gene frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large scale evolution that occur over many generations that produce new species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modifications to meet the changed life circumstances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biological, Physiological, Behavioral(Cultural) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cells that makeup the basic building blocks of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neuron that brings information into a structure (sensory neuron) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nerons and nerves that transmit motor information either from the brain through the spinal cord to muscles or directly from the spinal cords to the muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry information from sensory organ to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exist entirely within the CNS and carry messages from one set of neurons to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry messages out from CNS through nerves to operate muscles and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural impluses; the all or nothing electrical bursts that begin at one end of the axon of a neuron and move along the axon to the other end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical substance released from the axon terminal of a neuron, at a synapse, that influences the activity of another neuron,muscle cell, or a glandular cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- majority of cells within CNS
- help keep neurons in place
- some assist in forming myelin sheath
- nourish neurons
- destroy and eliminate neurons that have died
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundles of axons that are routed togehter in peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles that are attached to bones and produce externally observable movements of the body when contracted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are internal muscular structures that do not move skeleton (heart , arteries, gastointestinal tract) |
|
|
Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
Definition
- spinal
- brain- hindbrain,midbrain,forebrain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a phenomenon in which some factor (or factors) in the environment causes a person to fell threatened or challenged in some way
cumalitive in the build up of small stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation or event that leads to stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reaction to some kind of stressor, involving internal and exsternal adaptaton by an individual |
|
|
Term
Phases of Gas
(General Adaptation Syndrome) |
|
Definition
- Alarm
- Resistance
- Exhaustion
- Primary Appraisal
- Secondary Appraisal
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body immediately aroused and sympathetic system triggers release of hormones from adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alarm phase cannot continue indefinitely, counterbalance by Parasympathetic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body's reserves exhausted and ability to restore damaged or worn out tissues diminished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves determining whether it is important even to address a stressful situation, base on its significance and the possible outcomes of dealing or not dealing with the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves assessing strategies for making a beneficial outcome more likely and a harmful outcome less likely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- characterized by competetive orientation toward achievement
- a sense of urgency about time
- strong tendency to fell anger and hostility
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by relatively low levels of competitiveness, urgency about time and hostility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any bundle of axons cousing together witin the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry somatosensory information from spinal nerves up to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry motor control information from brain to be transmitted out spinal nerves to muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- carries messages upward and downward between spinal nerves and brain
- generates thythmic components of locomotion
- organizes certain relexes, such as flexion reflex
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beam of X-rays takes pictures of narrow slices of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures brain activity, including metabolism, blood flow, and neurotransmitter activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to study brain structure and activity
FMRI- allows for studying brain function as people perform various tasks |
|
|
Term
PET
(Position Emission tomography) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hindbrain
- midbrain
- forebrain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brain stem
medulla
pons
cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps initiate and control rapid movements of the limbs,
receives and integrates information from all senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- involved in slower, more deliberate movements
- movement control functions that compliment those of the cerbellum
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries nerve impulses form higher to lower parts of nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with muscular movement, learning/memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plays role in vital body functions such as heart rate and breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in brain arousal, sleep, and attention
ascending- sends information to and alerts higher brain regions
descending-higher brain centers can admit or block sensory input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- thalamus
- cerbral cortex
- limbic system
- corpus callosum
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| routes sensory information to higher brain structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- major role in motivation and emotions
- connects with the endocrine system
- involved in pain/pleasure
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- helps to coordinate behaviors needed to satisfy motivational and emotional urges arising in the hypothalamus
- also involved in memory
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- two hemispheres (right and left)
- each hemisphere divided into four lobes
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Temporal
|
|
|
Term
| Functional categories of cortex areas |
|
Definition
- primary sensory areas
- primary motor areas
- association areas
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Occipital lobe:Vision
- Temporal Lobe : auditory
- Parietal lobe: somatosensory
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- receive input from sensory areas and lower parts of the brain and are involved in the complex processes called perceptions, thought and decision making
- dramatically larger in humand than other areas
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a massive bundle of axons connecting the right and left hemispheres of the higher parts of the barin,including the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral connections |
|
Definition
| neural pathways from the sensory and motor areas and parts of the body that are cross-connected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any loss in language ability due to brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specific syndrome of loss in language ability that is due to damage in the Broca's area of the brain. It is characterized by language in which the meaning is usually clear but small words and word endings that serve grammatical purposes are missing; also called nonfluent aphasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific syndrome of lossof language ability that occurs due to damage to Wernicke's area of the brain. Speech typically retains its grammatical structure, but loses its meaning due to the speaker's inability to provide meaningful content words (nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- consists of numerous glands throughout the body
- secretes hormones into the blood stream
- interacts with the immune system
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any chemical substance that is secreted naturally by the body into the blood and can influence physiological processes at specific target tissues (like the brain) and thereby influence behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Peptide: short chain proteins interact with cell membrane
Steroids: chemically related to cholesterol interact inside cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
