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| DNA is ________ into RNA (in the nucleus) |
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| RNA is __________ into protein (in the cytoplasm) |
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| _______ is linked between DNA and protein |
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| What is the structure of RNA? |
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Definition
- Ribose (2 OH groups)
- Phosphate
- A,C,G and Uracil
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| messenger RNA: Provides the genetic instructions to make one or more related proteins |
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| transfer RNA: 70-80 RNAs that carry amino acid at one end and bind mRNA at the other end. |
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| Ribosomal RNA: form the body of the ribosome, and provide the physical link between mRNA and the amino-acid carrying tRNAs |
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| What are the three steps in transcription? |
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- Initation
- Elongation
- Termination
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| RNA polymerase bind the promoter at the TATA box and begin unwinding the DNA |
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| RNA poly. moves 5' --> 3', unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript |
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| RNA poly. hits a termination signal, seperating RNA and DNA |
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| The physical link between a gene and a protein |
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| What is the Amino Acid attachment site? |
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| What is the Anticodon attachment site? |
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- Active site binds the amino acid and ATP
- ATP loses to P groups and joins amino acid as AMP
- tRNA covalently bonds to amino acid displacing AMP
- Activated amino acid + tRNA is released by the enzyme
- Ready to translate!
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Term
| How is translation initated? |
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Definition
- Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA
- Large ribosomal subunit completes the initation complex
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| Three steps of the enlongation cycle of translation |
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Definition
- codon recognition
- peptide bond formation
- translocation
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| Where does transcription occour in a Eukaryotic cell? |
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Where does transciption occur in a prokaryotic cell?
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| What is the molecular basis of sickle cell disease? |
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| The sickle cell hemoglobin has a _____ insted of a glutamic acid |
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change in nucleotide specifies new amino acid
ex. sicle cell disease
achondroplasia |
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Change in nucelotide creates a premature Stop Codon, trucating protein
ex. phenylketonuria |
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Term
Garrod in 1920s proposed what?
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Definition
| that babies were born with inherited metabolic errors |
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| Beadle and Tatum in the 1940s proposed what? |
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| that 3 different mutant yeast strains were due to defects in three different genes |
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| chromatin motifications that do not alter DNA but still can be passed on |
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| binding site for RNA poly. |
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| 1. Chromatin Modification |
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Definition
modification of chromatin architecture to allow gene expression
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| bends DNA which enables activators to contact protiens, initating transcription |
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| alternative splicing: exon shuffling |
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| 4. Cell Type Specific Transcription |
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| gene expression through certain cells |
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| miRNA or siRNA can target specific mRNAs for destruction |
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| miRNA or siRNA can block the translation of specific mRNAs |
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| 7. protein processing and degradation |
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