Term
Why is water balance an important factor in insects?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
|
Definition
Large surface area to volume ratio - rapid water loss
Buildup of nitrogenous waste also requires excretion |
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|
Term
What behavioral mechanisms are utilized for optimal water balance?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
|
Definition
Use of humid microenvironments
Diurnal activity patterns
Shade seeking behavior |
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Term
What physiological mechanisms are utilized for optimal water balance?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
|
Definition
Waterproofing through the cuticle - waxes (due to cuticular loss being higher than respiratory loss)
Respiratory adaptions: Diffusion or ventilation for CO2 removal
Metabolic humidity chambers created through wings |
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Term
What are characteristics of malpighian tubules?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
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Definition
Sit at hind-midgut junction - derived from midgut
Blind ended tubes fitted with a lumen sitting in the haemolymph - large surface area
Determinant of ion and water flow, as well as secretion and water balance |
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Term
How is urine produced?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
|
Definition
Active transport of K+ drives movement between haemolymph and malpighian tubules
->fluids removed are reabsorbed in the hindgut
Uric acid is typically used due to being a nontoxic storable chemical, and is able to be used in production of urine through osmotic gradient |
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Term
What are the two different cell types of malpighian tubules and how do they differ?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
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Definition
I. Honeycomb border: Na+ and K+ actively pumped across basal and apical membranes - water and urate follow osmotic gradient
Cells contain tighly packed microvilli - concentrated in distal regions
Brush border: K+ drawing water out of haemolymph precipitating into uric acid granules. Cells with more widely dispersed microvillae. Present on proximal region of malpighian tubules. |
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|
Term
What is the cell morphology of malpighian tubules?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
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Definition
| Apical cell surfaces comprised of microvilli, forming an inner brush border. Mitochondria are present below the microvilli suggesting active transport is mediated by them. Basal cell is deeply invaginated. |
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Term
What stimulants cause endocrine regulation (urine production)?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
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Definition
| Rhodnius: blood meal stimulates urine production through diuretic hormones. Simultaneously inhibits water uptake in rectum. Antidiuretic hormones therefore enhance fluid resorption in the rectum. |
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Term
Describe the morphology of the rectal pad cell in cockroaches
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
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Definition
H2O being driven from the lumen by osmosis
These are mediated by microvilli, with the water traveling down septate junction
Ions are recycled in intercellular spaces
Hypo-osmotic absorbate finally passed through to hemocoel. |
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Term
What differences do the dipteran rectal papillae have between pad cells?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
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Definition
| Modified to produce a more circuitous route for the flow of solute from the gut to the haemolymph. Allows further resorption of ions from the solute. |
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Term
What is a Cryptonephridial system?
~Excretion and Water Balance~ |
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Definition
Distal Malpighian tubules in close association with the rectum, surrounded by a perinephric membrane found in some larvae
Achieves dry feces by use of ions being drawn from the hundgut lumen with water following |
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|
Term
What is the primary function of setae / Sensilla chaetica?
~Sensing Touch, Movement & Sound~ |
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Definition
| Touch; air movement; some sound; body position; and pressure |
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Term
What is the primary function of Campaniform sensilla?
~Sensing Touch, Movement & Sound~ |
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Definition
| Shearing stresses in cuticle; body position monitoring (proprioception); pitch, yaw, roll and wingbeat in flight |
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|
Term
What is the primary function of Scolopidia?
~Sensing Touch, Movement & Sound~ |
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Definition
| Displacement; pressure; and sound |
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|
Term
What is the primary function of Multipolar stretch receptors?
~Sensing Touch, Movement & Sound~ |
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Definition
| Stretch of internal organs and muscles is involved in monitoring feeding, growth and reproduction. |
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Term
How is a stimulus sent through touch of setae?
~Sensing Touch, Movement & Sound~ |
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Definition
| Movement of the socket stimulates the bipolar nerve below. Can also apply for wind on the wings of flying insects. |
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Term
What is the difference between sensillum chaeticum, sensilla chaetica and sensilla trichodea?
~Sensing Touch, Movement and Sound~ |
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Definition
sensillum chaeticum - singular
sensilla chaetica - plural
sensilla trichodea - plural - fine hairs |
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Term
Describe the general morphology of a mechanoreceptor.
~Sensing Touch, Movement and Sound~ |
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Definition
| A sensory nucleus surrounded by a sensory neuron. Thecogen surrounds the neuron, responsible for secreting the dendrite sheath above. Thecogen then follows on the outside, and finally tormogen on the outside, responsible for secretion of a socket. The sensory neuron extends up through the dendrite sheath, ending in a tubular body (lots of tubules packed together. The tubular body is then directly facing the sensillum shaft and pressed against the cuticle. |
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Term
When are setae able to move only unidirectionally and how does it work?
~Sending Touch, Movement and Sound~ |
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Definition
Cuticle extends over some of the flexible cuticle on all but the desired direction of the socket.
Occurs in the raster in cane beetle grubs, which is a collection of setae near the anus. |
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Term
What are campaniform sensillum responsible for?
~Sensing Touch, Movement and Sound~ |
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Definition
A type of stress receptor found in flies, often clustered.
As apposed to a hair shaft, a small dome is found. A joint membrane then connects it to the collar cuticle, forming a circle. The tubular body, dendrite sheath and sensory neuron are consistent with setae. |
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|
Term
What are the features of a typical scolopidium / chordotonal organ?
~Sensing Touch, Movement and Sound~ |
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Definition
| Cuticle (eg tympanum) -> epidermis -> Attachment cell (from tormogen) -> cap -> cilium (surrounded by scolopale rods and scolopale cell from thecogen) -> nerve cell -> nucleus (surrounded by glial cell) |
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Term
What are the features of the cilium process and how does it work?
~Sensing Touch, Movement and Sound~ |
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Definition
A ring structure fitted with nine double filaments inside, ending at a proximal ciliary root. The tip of the process is covered by a cap which is embedded in the attachment cell to the epidermis. Below the cap is a complex scolopale cell that contains rods and an extracellular space.
This works via the cap displacement and sliding of the tubule doublets. |
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Term
How do subgenual organs work?
~Sensing Touch, Movement & Sound~ |
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Definition
| An interal organ made of 10-40 scolopidia present in the proximal region of the tibia. Respond to substrate vibrations (eg predator movement or intraspecific movement). |
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|
Term
How does Johnston’s organ function?
~Sensing Touch, Movement & Sound~ |
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Definition
Present in the pedicel of some antennae, monitoring movement in the flagellum (typically in mosquitoes due to mating)
Scolopidia are connected in a ring to a basal plate positioned around the end of the antennal flagellum |
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Term
What are typanal organs and how do they work?
~Sensing Touch, Movement and Sound~ |
|
Definition
"True ears", composed of of a thin cuticular membrane, supported by an air sac to vibrate freely in pressure. Consists of a tympanic membrane with offshoots of 1000+ (cicadas) scolopidia. Found in the tibia of crickets, first abdominal segment in grasshoppers, noctuid moths mesothorax (two sets, for close and long distance sounds eg bats).
In crysopa lacewings, haemolymph supports the cuticle as opposed to the airsac. |
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Term
What are the features and functions of stretch receptors?
~Sensing Touch, Movement & Sound~ |
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Definition
Multipolar neurons with free nerve endings. Found within connective tissues and muscle fibres for internal monitoring.
Fire in a proportional amount to the amount of stretch. |
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Term
Why is the morphological description of sensilla important?
~Sensing Tastes & Odors~ |
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Definition
| Shape and length often correlate with function. Presence or absence of grooves is also important. Length and tip shape is also important (Eg culex) |
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Term
Where are olfactory and chemoreceptors located?
~Sensing Taste & Odors~ |
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Definition
Antennae primarily, and structures associated with the mouth
Chemorecptors (taste) are also associated with tarsi |
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Term
What are the characteristics of olfactory sensilla?
~Sensing Taste & Odors~ |
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Definition
| The dendrites are branched, going into sense organ proper. Increasing surface area in order to be exposed to more chemicals. Fine pores, with wax carrying into sensillum. Central lumen fluid filled. Dendrite sheath surrounds neurons. |
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Term
What are gustatory senilla?
~Sensing Taste & Odors~ |
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Definition
| Single pore on tip of hair. Unbranched dendrites. May also have mechanorecptor in single organ. Taste receptors typically 2-4 neurons. |
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Term
What are humidity receptors? (hygroreceptors)
~Sensing Taste and Odors~ |
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Definition
| Peg-like. No pores, Possible respond to expansion of cuticle. Thermoreceptor often below it. |
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Term
How do olfactory sensilla function?
~Sensing Taste & Odors~ |
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Definition
| Odor molecule (ligand) enters via pore tubule (from pore kettle). Attached by OBPs (Odorant binding proteins). Transmitted to gustatory dendrite receptor -> depolarisation in dendrite. Enough signal leads to action potential. |
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Term
Why are no. of sense organs not predetermined?
~Sensing Taste & Odors~ |
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Definition
Low variation in diets result in less sensillum developed during moults.
No one knows how...? (maxillary sensory) |
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|
Term
How are taste receptors measured?
~Sensing Taste & Odors~ |
|
Definition
Micromanipulator applied. Sugars over gustatory hairs. Put another electrode further down in body. Determine electrical response.
Used to determine what substances insects can taste. Do they response uniquely? Turns out that there are multiple classes. Caterpillars only have a small number of gustatory sensilla, enough to be efficient feeders however (possibly due to parent oviposition). Determined that some are sensitive to deterants, animo acids, stimulants, sugars etc
Determined that restrictions to carbohydrates or proteins on diet, would result in a preference for the other. |
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|
Term
What are the two important characteristics of an ORN (Odor receptor neuron)?
~Olfactory orientation~ |
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Definition
Identity and concentration.
Can be located through space (location) and temporal (the variation of the two elements in time).
Basically a bunch of independant singles eventually lead it to the right place |
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|
Term
Different kinesis categories of ORF responses can have different directional influences. Describe this process in: Ortho-kinesis.
~Olfactory Orientation~ |
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Definition
Detects along path.
Change in flight speed.
Self steering. |
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|
Term
Different kinesis categories of ORF responses can have different directional influences. Describe this process in: klino-kinesis.
~Olfactory Orientation~ |
|
Definition
Detects along path.
Changes rate of turning.
Self steering. |
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|
Term
Different kinesis categories of ORF responses can have different directional influences. Describe this process in: klino-taxis.
~Olfactory Orientation~ |
|
Definition
Detected by sideways movement temporally.
Moves towards less stimulated side.
By odor gradient. |
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|
Term
Different kinesis categories of ORF responses can have different directional influences. Describe this process in: tropo-taxis.
~Olfactory Orientation~ |
|
Definition
Spatially left or right stimulation.
Moves towards less stimulated side.
By odor gradient. |
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|
Term
Different kinesis categories of ORF responses can have different directional influences. Describe this process in: anotaxis.
~Olfactory Orientation~ |
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Definition
Detected along path /zigzag.
Upwind flight.
Visual cue. |
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Term
What is the aim and shoot method of flight?
~Olfactory Orientation~ |
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Definition
Olfactory signal detected -> anemotaxis triggered -> upwind flight. IF odor is lost, go back to square 1. -> responds to wind with other taxis and kinesis.
Some moths do this using a zigzag pattern of flight in pheromone blends that resemble ratio of sex specific compounds. |
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|
Term
What are mushroom bodies and how do they effect learning?
~Olfactory Orientation~ |
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Definition
| CNS releases octopamine and dopamine when associating with concurrent reward or punishment. Neural activity in the MB can then be altered to create stronger or weaker responses between inactive/active cells. |
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|
Term
What types of visual organs have evolved?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
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Definition
| Compound, ocelli, stomata |
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|
Term
What are the features of each eye type?
~Eyes and Vision |
|
Definition
Compound eyes - either side of heat, many omatidia (individual cartridges), each has cuticle, support cells, photoreceptors, and pigment cells
Ocelli - Single lens (otherwise the same)
Stomata - holometabelous larvae |
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|
Term
What is the underlying structure for compound eyes?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
|
Definition
Ommatidia in hexagonal arrangement of cartridges. Photoreceptors form core of omamtidia (8+ in each structure). Each have fine microvilli extending to center of facet. Middle core has fine "fingers" forming rhabdome. Photoreceptors are typically surrounded by pigment cells - Blocks light from getting out, then act as regulators. Each piece is connected together in the brain.
Superposition eye: photoreceptors located at eye base. Clear zone between ommatidia - allows light to be projected to different photoreceptors. |
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Term
How can you increase resolution in compound eyes?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
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Definition
Some areas may have higher resolution due to large vs small facets??? This person talking is incredibly confusing :(
More facing same direction = better clarity? High resolution in interommatidial region. |
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|
Term
How does light converted to a neural signal?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
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Definition
| Done through detection of photons. Done through phototransduction A series of reactions where a series of chemicals change shape with the introduction of light. The conformational change (in retanol) is associated with a g-protein cascade allowing channels to open -> depolarization |
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|
Term
What are light vs dark differences for insect eyes?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
|
Definition
Strong light - dark adaptations
Dim light - light adaptation
Pigment cells are crucial. Re-distributions allow for migration towards the photoreceptors - less photons hitting the receptors vice versa for dark conditions.
Trachae can be located in the photoreceptor of the cartridge acting as a mirror reflect light off it in nocturnal insects. |
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|
Term
What is the ocelli lens used for?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
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Definition
| Single lens eyes located at the top f the head (often 3). Corneal lens with lots of photoreceptors with a pigment cell. Lens focus detects presence or absence of light (possibly changes in horizon (head tilt)). |
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|
Term
What is the function of stomata in holometabolous larvae?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
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Definition
| Often though to be evolutionary basic unit. Lens, photoreceptors, light dark sensing. |
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|
Term
How can polarized light be detected?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
|
Definition
Polarization vision - includes reflected water sources, clouds etc. Alignment of microvilli in one direction are responsible for flitering waveforms, changed from open rhabdome to closed (only receives light going in a particular waveform).
Is processed in the central complex of the brain via medulla and lobula. |
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|
Term
What are the two types of motion vision and how do they work?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
|
Definition
Wide field motion - landscape is "moving" - typically used in course correction
Done through translation (forward movement), rotation (sideways movement), roll, and pitch (downwards movement)
Small field motion - small object tracking - typical of prey tracking |
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|
Term
How is colour processed?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
|
Definition
Typically UV to green in most insects - 2-3 photoreceptors (di and trichromatic)
Some firebeatles can detect infared light
Butterflies typically go from UV to red light - 5 photoreceptors |
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|
Term
What are pattern cues used for?
~Eyes and Vision~ |
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Definition
| Typically used for foraging and navigation. Can be a learnt behavior. |
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Term
What effects come from motor output?
~Neural Integration~ |
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Definition
| Feeding, oviposition, crawling,flight and walking, body part movement |
|
|
Term
| What dictates and is dictated by the insect physiological state of an insect? |
|
Definition
| Hunger/thirst, Developmental stage, cicardian rhythm, arousal and stress |
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|
Term
How does the black box of an insect function?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Sensory input (sensory neurons)-> Insect nervous system (interneurons) -> motor output (motor neurons) -> sensory input
Each of these is effects and is effected by the internal physiological state of an insect |
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|
Term
What is the insect nervous system composed of?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Consists of nerve fibres (ganglia). Fusion of many ganglion lead to development of the brain.
Basal condition of insect: brain; subesophageal ganglion; thre thoracic ganglion (meso,meta,pro); chain of abdominal ganglion |
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|
Term
How do thoracic and abdominal ganglion differ?
~Neural Integration~ |
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Definition
| Thoracic and abdominal ganglion are similar. Thoracic tends to be larger due to complexity of legs + more input (includes mechanosensory). Abdominal ganglia consists of mechanosensory. |
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Term
What importance does the subesophagael ganglion have?
~Neural Integration~ |
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Definition
| Closely associated with brain, and is located under the gut. Contains key structures for neurohormones and is the major interface between the brain and the rest of the body. |
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Term
What are the three regions of the brain?
~Neural Integration~ |
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Definition
| Pro (visual input, intercerebralis, mushroom bodies), deu (antennal input, mechanosensation), tritocerebrum (gustatory input from labrum) (top to bottom). |
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|
Term
What role does neuromodularity input do?
~Neural Integration~ |
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Definition
| Can indicate the arousal state of the insect (such as octopamine) or correlate with the circadian rhythm (seratonin) |
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|
Term
What is the flow of information in the insects neural system?
~Neural Integration~ |
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Definition
| Dendrites -> Cell body (s) -> Axon |
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|
Term
How does information flow in the neural network?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Electrical conduction from signal to outputs
Electrical and chemical cues: Ion balances (difference concentrations create electrochemical gradients)
Eg Potassium, cloride, calcium, sodium type channels
Negatively charaged ions result in a more negative net balance inside the cell
Allows for spread of ionic passage + can be amplified |
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|
Term
What are neurotransmitter functions?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Travels from synaptic cleft to presynaptic sites to bind to receptors at postsynaptic site
-Fast effect on postsynaptic cell
-Excitetory or inhibitory
Acetylcholine - Excitatory - CNS
Glutamate - Excitatory - Motor neurons and muscles
GABA - Inhibatory - CNS
Histamine - CNS photoreceptors for sight |
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|
Term
What are neuromodulator functions?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Released at synapse or around synapse
Slow effect with long term changes through second messengers
Cause increase or decrease in target cell activity or change the synaptic strength
Dopamine - CNS - Synapse strength; aversive learning
Seratonin - CNS - Synapse strength; neural activity of cicardian rhythm
Octopamine - CNS - Synapse strength; reward learning
Neuropeptides - CNS - various |
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|
Term
What steps does a synapse follow?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
1. Spikes coming down voltage gated Ca2+ channels
2. Calcium entry triggers vesicle fusion of membrane + release neurotransmitter
3. Neurotransmitter travels synaptic cleft, binds to postsynaptic receptors, channels open
4. Allows for positive or negative ions to move across membrane |
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|
Term
What effects do multiple stimuli result in?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Summation
Either additive if both are excitatory or inhibatory
OR
Cancel each other out if they are opposite |
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|
Term
Where do respective ommatidia send signals to?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
R1-6 (green light for motion detection to the lamina (later sent to the medulla), R7-8 (R9) (for blue and UV light in colour) to the medulla
These signals both get feed into the medulla complex which are separated into the lobula and lobula plate |
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|
Term
How is motion visually processed?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Done through detecting changes in light from one cartridge to another due to a delay mechanism between them
This delay is picked up in the lobula complex neurons when the signals converge |
|
|
Term
What are the two different neuron systems located in the lobula plate?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Horizontal for front to back vision
Vertical for up and down vision |
|
|
Term
What is the difference between broad and narrow band colour sensitivity?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Broad: Cells responding to all colours the same way
Narrow: Cells responding to one or two colours
Chromatic opponency may also be playing some effect (Cells being excited or inhibited depending on colour combinations eg blue inhibiting violet response, but green light not) |
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|
Term
How are olfactory stimuli telegraphed to the insect?
~Neural Integration~ |
|
Definition
Glormeri in antennae connected to inhibitory local neurons (LN). The outputs are known as projection neurons (PN) - can be received from single or multiple glomeruli.
The PNs project to the lateral horn, in the lateral protocerebrum, and to the mushroom bodies |
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|
Term
How is motor output independently controlled for each thoracic segment?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
| Interneurons between ganglia allow for gating of sensory output and coordination between segments |
|
|
Term
What are insect muscle cells composed of?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Multinucleated cells with protein structured lined along the fibre
Contains myosin (myosin proteins) and actin (actin molecules; two filaments wrapped around each other)
Actin molecules are separated by a "z-disc" (actin filament joints)
The myosin is lateral to the sarcomere, while actin extends to the middle of the sarcomere without touching |
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Term
How are insect muscles effected by stimulants?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Spikes from motor neurons cause release of glutamate or GABA neurotransmitters
When excited (glutamate) calcium enters the cell binding to troponin, changing it's configuration (along with tropomyosin respectively) - allows for myosin heads to bind with actin
ATP allows for the myosin head to be released |
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|
Term
What are the difference between synchronous and asynchronous muscles?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Synchronous: Requires constant direct stimulation
Asynchronous: Requires few neural inputs, can oscillate long after neural signal |
|
|
Term
Define; abductor, adductor, rotator, levatator, depressor, extensor, flexor, extrinsic and intrisic muscles
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Abductor: Pulls limbs away from body
Adductor: Pulls limbs towards body
Rotator: Rotates around joint
Levatator: Flexes joint upwards
Depressor: Extends joint downward
Extensor: Extends joint
Flexor: Extends joint
Extrinsic: Muscles with attachment sites outside of the leg
Intrinsic: Muscles with all attachment sites inside the leg |
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|
Term
What is a tripod gait?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Alternation of 3 legs for walking
Allows for stability over rough ground
Dipod gaits are used for mantis, and sprinting cockroaches, while quadpod gaits are used when legs are being utilized for sensory functions |
|
|
Term
What do Proprioceptors and Exteroceptors do?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Proprioceptors: sense the position of limbs and body parts relative to the body
Exteroceptors: Detects information such as wind strain or touch |
|
|
Term
What adaptions have been made to swim, and how is swimming achieved?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Extension of tarsi for greater surface area
Whirlybugs have half of their eye above and the other half below the water surface
Water boatmen have metathoracic leg extensions
Dragonfly + mayfly larvae are able to move through anal gills
Water skaters have elongated metathorax legs |
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|
Term
How is jumping achieved in grasshoppers?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
The pull between the extensor tibiae muscles and the tibial flexor muscles contracting simultaneously
This is occurring due to having the same articulation point at a joint between the tibia and femur (semilunar process) |
|
|
Term
Where are the 4 hypothetical places of origin for the wing?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Notum (Paranotal-theory) - top
Pleurum - side
Exit of leg (Epicoxal-theory) |
|
|
Term
What are the differences in musculature for direct and indirect muscles?
~Flight & Locomotion~ |
|
Definition
Indirect: Base of coxa or thorax to the top of thorax or between apodemes within dorsal surface of the thorax - not directly connecting to wing sclerites
Dorsal longitudinal muscles compress the thorax; dorsoventral ventral muscles contract to move the wings up their pivots
Direct: From base of coxa or thorax to wind sclerites surrounding wing attachment |
|
|
Term
What are the 4 different types of memory?
~Memory & Learning~ |
|
Definition
Short-term (STM), middle-term (MTM), anesthesia resistant (ARM)(found in drosophila), and long-term (LTM)
Short term: facilitation and depression
Middle term: Increase in no. of receptors of post synaptic cell or neurotransmitter release
Long term: Change the synapse, or adding synapses with permanent increase in synaptic strength
Often include a series of molecular and protein changes in the cell
1. Increase synaptic transmission through timing
2. Neuromodulators (eg dopamine) triggering molecular pathways in the cell |
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|
Term
Describe how the vinegar fruit fly was used to understand olfactory memory
~Memory & Learning~ |
|
Definition
Olfactory shock treatment
Flies placed in chamber with odour in presence of electrical shock
Place them between two chambers and see if it avoids the one with the electrical shock
Similar experiments can be done via tethering, whereby detections are made when it turns left or right. Looking "avoidance" |
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|
Term
What are the features of the male reproductive system?
~Reproduction~ |
|
Definition
| Testes, vas deferens, median ejaculatory duct, maturation of sperm from distal to proximal in folicles of testes, germarium (spern nutrients), Spermatozoa (filaments), 3 development zones for sperm (zone of growth; spermatogonia divide - spermatocytes, zone of maturation; spermatocytes divide twice - spermatids, zone of transformation; spermiogenesis - spermatozoa) |
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|
Term
What are the features of the female reproductive system?
~Reproduction~ |
|
Definition
Ovariole-> lateral oviduct -> common oviduct -> vagina (bursa copulatrix- muscle lined)
Spermathecae (sperm stores), terminal filament (oocyte production) (Oogonia are divided into primary oocytes and trophocytes (nurse cells))
Vitellarium - zone of growth (in ovariole) eggs go through vitellogenesis (adding yolk) at this phase |
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|
Term
What is the process of oogenesis?
~Reproduction~ |
|
Definition
Germanium (distal end) contains female germ cells. Oogonia undergo miotic division to become oocytes.
The oocytes pass down the ovariole wrapped by follicle cells forming a series of bulges (follicle) - follicle secretes the chorion |
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|
Term
What are the three types of ovarioles?
~Reproduction~ |
|
Definition
Panoistic: no trophocytes, primative
Telotrophic: distal trophocytes remain in contact with oocytes throughout through tubes to carry nutrients (hemiptera coleoptera)
Polytrophic: Trophocytes are intimately associated with oocytes, enclosed within each follicle. Arise from incomplete divisions of a single oogonium in which the cell divides but doesn’t completely separate. Holometabola |
|
|
Term
What is Vitellogenesis?
~Reproduction~ |
|
Definition
Occurs in vitellarium (proximal part of ovariole)
Breaks nutritional cords - creates massive increase in volume????????????? |
|
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Term
What are the steps to oviposition?
~Reproduction~ |
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Definition
Lucilia:
1. Approach to attractants
2. Searching and settling
3. Preparation for egg laying
4. The act of oviposition
5. Post oviposition stage. |
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Term
What is the difference between pheromones, kairomones and allomones?
~Steriochemicals~ |
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Definition
Pheramones: Intraspecific signalling eg sex pheramones attracting mates, sex pheramones in flies being in waxes
Kairomones: Interspecific signaling - benefits responder Eg plant->insect: sinigrin attracts Pieris (cabbage white) butterflies, vertebrate->insect: lactic acid is an attractant for mosquitoes,
Allomones: Interspecific benefits the sender eg insect -> insect or vertebrate: stink bugs release a repugnatorial substance, bombardier beetles etc |
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Term
What are the properties of pheramones?
~Steriochemicals~ |
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Definition
Volatiles and non-volatiles - many originating from host plants
Receptors of Sensilla, moth antennae, gustatory and olfactory sensilla |
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Term
What are the properties of sex pheramones?
~Steriochemicals~ |
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Definition
Mate detection; long distance in low concentrations
Found in terminal abdomen region of lepidoptera (often in soft intersegmental regions).
Anti-oviposition pheromones: frequently seen in parasitoids: avoidance of superparasitism |
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Term
What are Pheromonotropic Hormones?
~Steriochemicals~ |
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Definition
A neurosecretory production of the subesophagael ganglion complex - required for production of pheromone production and release? (stored in corpora cardiaca)
Known as Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides (PBANs) |
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