Term
What is entomology
~Insect Diversity~ |
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Definition
| The study of insects, stupid. |
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Term
What modifications need to be made for arthropods to move to land?
~Insect Diversity~ |
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Definition
1. Cuticle quality for water retention + salt balance
2. Mating systems, and preserving sperm in eggs in a non-aqueous solution
3. Sensory systems, in particular light sensory organs and olfaction |
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Term
What has helped insects become so diverse (70-85% of all species)?
~Insect Diversity~ |
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Definition
1.Small size for niche differentiation
2. Co-evolution along with respective plant/animal relationship
3. Specialization to a particular habitat allows for exploiting of similar habitats and host switching
4. Rapid generation time for exploitation of short lived resources
5. Flight
6. Metamorphosis allows for adults being the dispersion stage of the life cycle -> several niches |
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Term
What is the adaption to living in caves called?
~Insect Diversity~ |
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Definition
| troglomorphism - Includes losing of pigment, eyesight, and increase of appendage length to increase tactile sensory |
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Term
What is a. Viviparous b. Ovoviviparous and c. Oviparous, name an insect of each
~Insect Diversity~ |
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Definition
a. Depositing live offspring - eg some flies into food or strepsiptera
b. Depositing eggs which will immediately emerge - Some fly species as well
c. Depositing eggs which will develop and hatch at a later time - Most insects |
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Term
Difference between predation, parasitism and parastoids
~Insect Diversity~ |
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Definition
Predators will consume many prey items throughout their life, having adaptions for hunting/ambushing/etc their prey
Parasites will have an intimate relationship with the host, however will not kill its host - this includes vectors
Parastoids also have an intimate relationship with it's host. however upon it's emergence it will generally kill the host |
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Term
What are the two components of systematics?
~Insect Phylogeny and Taxonomy~ |
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Definition
Taxonomy - Classification of species into a recognized ranking and numbering system
Phylogenetics - The study of relatedness among species- Helps to describe important classification characteristics |
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Term
What is the closest evolutionary group to the insects?
~Insect Phylogeny and Taxonomy~ |
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Definition
| Crustaceans - Based on DNA, morphological and developmental evidence |
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Term
What is the difference between Entognathous and Ectognathous?
~Insect Phylogeny and Taxonomy~ |
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Definition
Entognathous = Concealed when not in used (includes Collembola, Diplura and Protura - non insect hexapods)
Ectognathous = Mandibles remain exposed |
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Term
What is the difference between pterygota and apterygota (as well as endopterygota and exopterygota)?
~Insect Phylogeny and Taxonomy~ |
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Definition
Pterygota = Wings present (all insect hexapods except Thysanura and
Archaeognatha)
Apterygota = Wings absent
exopterygotas (= outside wings) - wing buds develop externally
endopterygota (= inside wings) - wings buds develop internally |
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Term
| What are the 3 tagmata seen in insects and describe their function? ~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Head - Mouthparts, Eyes, Brain, Antennae Thorax - 3 pairs of legs, 1 or 2 pairs of wings Abdomen - reproductive organs, digestion, prolegs (larvae) |
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Term
What are the 4 types of feeding habits?
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
Chewing eg Grasshoppers (the most primative)
Piercing and sucking mouthparts eg diptera siphonaptera Non-piercing sucking mouthparts eg Lepidoptera
Chewing sucking or chewing lapping mouthparts eg Hymenoptera |
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Term
What are the 4 kinds of insect mouth parts - Image?
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 4 major components of insect mouthparts?
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
Mandibles - Jaws
Labrum - Upper "lip"
Labium - Lower "lip"
Maxillae - Chewing "teeth" |
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Term
What are the 3 segments of an insect's antennae + the purpose of antennae?
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
Scape (base)
Pedicel
Flagellum, consisting of
flagellomeres
The antennae are used primarily for enhancing olfactory senses through sensilla, as well as auditory perception (it will however vastly differ depending on what the particular organism requires) |
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Term
What are the 3 thoracic segments present?
~Diversification of the groundplan~ |
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Definition
Pro- Meso- Metathorax
Each segment will have a pair of legs with the meso and meta potentially having a pair of wings each |
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Term
What is the structure of a typical wing?
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
Flattened cuticular sheets w/ epidermal cells between the upper and lower layers
Veins of wing are carrying hemolymph due to being living tissue
The veins are typically lined with sensory axons for sensory |
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Term
Name 5 examples of wing modifications
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
Modifications of the forewings
tegmina e.g. grasshoppers (Orthoptera), cockroaches
(Blattodea)
hemelytra e.g. bugs (Hemiptera)
elytra e.g. beetles (Coleoptera)
Modifications of the hindwings
halteres e.g. flies (Diptera)
Some insects have lost the hind wings e.g. female mountain cricket (Orthoptera)
OR for complete wing loss - Fleas (Siphonaptera) |
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Term
What are the segments of insect legs called, and where are they positioned?
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
In order from foot,
a. Coxa
b. Trochanter
c. Femur
d. Tibia
e. Tarsus
f. Pretarsus |
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Term
| What are the different kinds of legs found throughout insects? ~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Leg type : Example jumping (saltatorial) grasshopper hind legs grasping (raptorial) praying mantid forelegs digging (fossorial) mole cricket forelegs swimming (natatorial) water beetles and bugs walking (gressorial) ants, terrestrial bugs running (cursorial) cockroach climbing (scansorial) lice |
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Term
The groundplan of the abdomen is made up of 11 segments, what are examples of abdominal appendage modifications?
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
Aphid - Cornicle
Earwig - Forceps
Mayfly + Silverfish - Cerci (sensory organs) and caudal filament
Bee - Stinger |
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Term
Describe the location and function of insect reproductive organs
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
Present on the 8th and 9th segment of the abdomen
Females will generals have an ovipositor, responsible for egg laying
Males however will have an aedeagus for mating purposes |
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Term
What defines the group Endopterygota (internal wing bud development)?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
| Insects which have wings and/or genitalia, which are internalized in their early stages - originally thought to only occur in holometabolous insects, however has been seen in other metamorphosis types |
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Term
What is the difference between a stadium and an instar?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
A stadium refers to an organism in between 2 moults (eg between ecdysis and apolysis)
Whereas an instar refers to the larval life stage - particularly in hemimetabolous insects |
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Term
What is the difference between a larva and a nymph?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
Larva refers to holometabolous
Nymph refers to hemimetabolous |
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Term
What is ametaboly?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
| Refers to the ancestral life cycle of silverfish and bristletails, in which moulting will occur after sexual reproduction and will not result in wings formed |
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Term
What is premetaboly?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
Specific only to mayflies
A form of metamorphosis where 2 life stages will be capable of flight (adult and subimago) |
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Term
Hemimetaboly is the process by which external wing buds will develop gradually along its life cycle. What are the two kinds of hemimetaboly?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
Adults and nymphs sharing similar lifesytles and habitats true bugs
(Hemiptera), cockroaches
(Blattodea), grasshoppers
(Orthoptera) and preying
mantids (Mantodea)
Adults and nymphs sharing different lifestyles and habitats
dragonflies
(Odonata), mayflies
(Ephemeroptera), stoneflies
(Plecoptera). |
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Term
What is the most crucial difference between hemi and holometabolous insects?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
Holometabolism will involve a pupa stage, in which the internal wing buds will develop throughout this stage alone.
Includes butterflies, moths
(Lepidoptera), wasps (Hymenoptera), beetles
(Coleoptera), flies (Diptera) |
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Term
How did holometabolism evolve?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
The pronymph of a hemimetabolous lineage could have evolved into multiple larval stages and multiple nymphal stages into
the pupa. |
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Term
What are the 3 defining characteristics of a eusocial (colonial) insect?
~Insect Life Histories~ |
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Definition
1. Shows cooperation in reproduction
2. Partitioning of roles (caste system)
3. Overlapping generations within a colony |
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Term
What are the functions of the cuticle?
~Insect Cuticle~ |
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Definition
• provide a tough protective covering
• provide flexibility where needed
• reduce water loss through the presence of a waxy layer
• provide antibiotic properties and a barrier to invasion by
microorganisms
• provide a rigid skeleton for attachment of muscles
• act as ‘tools’ for processes such as cutting (mandibles),
grasping (claws), sticking to surfaces (pads at the tips of the
tarsi), piercing (mouthparts), embedding (hooks on
mouthparts).
• allow perception of the environment through the sensory
system that transmits signals through the cuticle or through
minute pores in the cuticle (the taste receptors)
• provide insulation through production of scales or hairs such
as the many hairs seen on a bee.
• provide colour through surface sculpting such as the finely
detailed architecture of the scales of iridescent butterfly
scales |
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Term
What is the function of melanin?
~Insect Cuticle~ |
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Definition
| Protection from UV (photo shielding), as well as an antibiotic |
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Term
What are the properties of resalin, and how is it used in insects?
~Insect Cuticle~ |
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Definition
Resalin is a hydrated set of protein polymer - being the most elastic substance known to man
It is a major component in insect joints and tendons |
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Term
What are 3 mechanisms by which colour can be achieved?
~Insect Cuticle~ |
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Definition
Interference colours: Produced by cuticle shape which angles light waves into one another to create iridescence or ultra violet light
Light scattering: Degree of circular roundness of the cuticle influence the wavelength of light which is reflected, causing a colour to be seen depending on the length
Pigmentation: Either in the Cuticle or Epidermis with a range of chemicals |
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Term
What mechanism of respiration do insects use and how does it work?
~Insect Cuticle~ |
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Definition
| Tracheal system: Passive diffusion of CO2 for O2 in thin cuticle tubular systems connected directly by tracheols). They are linked via spiracles into through the exoskeleton and can be manipulated depending on the requirements of the organism eg valves |
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Term
What is apolysis in terms of moulting?
~The Challenge of Moulting~ |
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Definition
| Apolysis refers to the period in which the old cuticle is separated from the new |
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Term
What are the steps involved in Moulting?
~The Challenge of Moulting~ |
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Definition
1. Apolysis
2. Epidermal replication by mitosis
3. Secretion of moulting fluid + digestion of inner layer of old cuticle
4. Secretion of new cuticle
5. Ecdysis (shedding) |
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Term
What do the 4 main hormones do in terms of Moulting?
~The Challenge of Moulting~ |
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Definition
JH (juvenile hormone): Levels are indicative of the next developmental stage after moulting
EH (Exclosion hormone) and ETH (Ecdysis triggering hormone): Controls moult regulation
PTTH (Prothoracicotropic hormone): Acts on prothoratic glad causing ecdysone to be produced which is responsible for eclosion to occur |
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Term
Where are sensory cords typically located?
~Sensory & Motor Systems~ |
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Definition
| Within or around the cuticle due to being the location for sensory functions to take place |
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Term
What are the 3 typical types of sight present in insects?
~Sensory & Motor Systems~ |
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Definition
Compound eye: made up of many individual ommatidia structured in a hexagonal matrix
Ocelli: Do not focus light, however more so detect changes in light intensity
Stemmata: A form of simple eye seen in many larvae |
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Term
Which colour are insects unable to see which humans are able to?
~Sensory & Motor Systems~ |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of sensilla?
~Sensory & Motor Systems~ |
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Definition
| Receptors capable of triggering a response via sensory neurons into the CNS. Present typically in the cuticle - and most importantly the antennae |
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Term
What are the muscle attachment sites inside the cuticle for motor neurons called?
~Sensory & Motor Systems~ |
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Definition
| Tonofibrillae. Muscle will grow from these attachment sites to form either apodeme (Cuticular ridge) or apophysis (A cuticular extension) |
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Term
What is the function of the seemingly vestigial appendage halteres in flies?
~Sensory & Motor Systems~ |
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Definition
| To keep constant oscillation whilst in flight, except out of beat to keep a constant rythm - without them, flight is not possible |
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Term
What is required for insects with a solid diet?
~Feeding and Nutrition~ |
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Definition
Straight, wide gut
Cutting or grinding mandibles are required for maceration of the food |
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Term
What is required for insects with a liquid diet?
~Feeding and Nutrition~ |
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Definition
"Filter chamber gut" which will convolutedly wrap around itself
Specialized diets requiring removal of excess water from their system |
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Term
What is the main excretion path for insects?
~Feeding and Nutrition~ |
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Definition
| Malpighian tubules, formed between mid and hind gut. Salts, haemolymph, uric acid, and solid waste will be removed at the hindgut. The proximal section of the tubes are responsible for keeping a constant osmolarity. |
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Term
What is the most crucial factor influencing the diets of insects?
~Feeding and Nutrition~ |
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Definition
| The sugars present. Typically high concentrations of sucrose and fructose will be the most appealing, as well as the duration of feeding, however high concentrations of inorganic matter can be a deterrent (presence of phagostimulants may also be crutial). |
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Term
What are the significant organs involved in sex and reproduction?
~Reproduction~ |
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Definition
Males: testes, vas deferens, male accessory glands, seminal vesicles, ajaculatory duct and aedegus
Females: ovarioles, lateral oviducts,
common oviduct, female accessory glands, spermathecae and their associated glands, and vagina (bursa copulatrix). |
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Term
What is a spermatophore?
~Reproduction~ |
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Definition
| A package of sperm deposited into the external environment - regarded as being the first step in terrestrialisation and as such is seen in ancient orders |
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Term
What is a spermathecae?
~Reproduction~ |
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Definition
| A series of chambers where sperm is able to be stored within a female for up to several years. This is important for cooperative organisms, especially bees. |
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Term
What is refereed to as the arms race in reproduction?
~Reproduction~ |
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Definition
| Males wanting to assure progeny, whilst females find the highest quality for their offspring. As such modifications such as the dragonfly aedegus which is capable of taking out other males sperm from within the female. Or such as the Sheep Botfly, which will also excrete a mucus preventing other sperm from entering. |
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Term
What is haplodiploidy?
~Reproduction~ |
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Definition
| The use of unfertilized eggs to produce only males. As such, only fertilized eggs will provide females. This is important within many families in Hymenoptera. |
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Term
What are steriochemicals, and what do they effect?
~Steriochemicals~ |
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Definition
Signalling chemicals which are detected by olfaction, taste and internal sensory receptors
They are most important in feeding and mating |
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Term
What are some uses of pheromones?
~Steriochemicals~ |
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Definition
• sex pheromones
• aggregation pheromones, swarms, group attack on a plant
resource, oviposition
• spacing pheromones, oviposition-deterrent pheromone in
fruitflies
• trail-marking pheromones, ant trails
• alarm pheromones, bees |
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Term
What are Kairomones?
~Steriochemicals~ |
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Definition
| Chemicals which elicit behavioral or physiological reactions which are favorable to the reciever. Eg Exploiters of food or oviposition sites, or lactic acid from sweat attracting flies |
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Term
What are allomones?
~Steriochemicals~ |
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Definition
Chemicals which elicit a behavioural or physiological reaction that is
favourable to the sender. Eg alarming chemicals or repellents, common in interactions between organisms |
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Term
What type of leg is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Scansorial (climbing) leg |
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Term
What type of leg is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Saltatorial (jumping) leg |
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Term
What type of leg is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
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Term
What type of leg is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Natatorial (swimming) leg |
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Term
What type of leg is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Gressorial/ambulatorial (walking) leg |
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Term
What type of leg is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
|
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Term
What type of leg is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
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Term
What type of antennae is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Stylate (large flagellomere with a stylus) |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Setaceous (bristle-like) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Serrate (saw-like) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Plumose (with whorls of long setae, feathery) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Pectinate (comb-like) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Monofiliform (like a string of beads) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Lamellate (arranged like stacked plates at tip of flagellum) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Geniculate (elbowed) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Flabellate (fan-shaped, along length of flagellum) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Filiform (thread-like) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Clavate (clubbed, widening near apex, not quite nobbed) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Capitate (clubbed and nobbed at apex) antenna |
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Term
What type of antenna is this?
[image]
~Diversification of the Groundplan~ |
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Definition
| Aristate (large flagellomere with arista) antenna |
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Term
| All insects have a double name, called a: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the levels of classification? |
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Definition
Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Infraclass; Order; Suborder; Superfamily; Family; Subfamily; Tribe; Genus; Species
Example: Animalia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Lepidoptera; Ditrysia; Papilionoidea; Papilionidae; Papilioninae; Papilionini; Papilio; aegeus. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the trachea, tracheole and spiracle? |
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Definition
The trachea are the main air tubes.
Tracheoles are the fine branches of trachea that contact with individual cells.
The spiracles are the holes in the body wall that allow air in. |
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Term
| What are the components of the typical insect gut? |
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Definition
| The pharynx; oesophagus; salivary glands; crop; proventriculus; caecum; ventriculus; malpighian tubules; ileum; colon; rectum. |
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Term
| What are four ways insects cope with gas exchange in the aquatic environment? |
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Definition
1) Air bubble carrying - needs replenishing
2) A plastron (thin film of air) - does not need replenishing
3) Tracheal gills (as in damselfly nymphs)
4) Hemoglobin (as in chironomids) |
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