Term
Describe Metazoan digestion:
Receiving |
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Definition
1. mouth parts, salivary glands
2. ingestion, chewing, swallowing
3. salivary gland secretions
-lubricate via mucous
-initial hydrolysis via amylase
-avoid choking via epiglottis |
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Term
Describe Metazoan digestion:
Conduction |
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Definition
-transport to esophagus
-transport to stomach
-crop: used for storage in inverts and birds |
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Term
Describe Metazoan digestion:
Grinding and early digestion |
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Definition
1. gizzard
-muscular subdivision
-birds and annelids, insects (proventriculus)
-stones and grit are swallowed, or hard lining
2. stomach
-cellulase; not produced
-gastric juice
pepsin: splits proteins
HCl: kills bacteria and activates pepsin |
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Term
Describe Metazoan digestion:
Terminal digestion and absorption |
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Definition
1. pancreatic juice (duodenum)
-bicarbonate
-trypsin
-lipase
-amylase
-nuclease
2. bile
-bicarbonate
-bile salts: break up fat, increase surface area
3. membrane enzymes (small intestine lining)
-aminiopeptidase: amino acids
-sucrase: fructose and glucose
-lactase
-alkaline phosphate
4. absorption
-villi and microvilli
-small intestine folding increase SA
-passive (diffusion) and active transport |
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Term
Describe the regulation of food intake
1. Hyopthalmus
2. Brown fat |
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Definition
1. hunger center
-monitors blood glucose (calories vs bulk)
2. nonshivering thermogenesis dissipates excess energy
3. stomach and duodenum stretch |
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Term
Describe the following nutritional requirements:
1. Carbs
2. Amino acids
3. Lipids
4. Minerals
5. Vitamins
6. Water |
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Definition
1. energy and building block
2. mostly building block
-8-10 cannot be synthesized (essential)
3. energy and building block
4. anions and cations; building and physiology
5. simple organic molecules
6. solvent |
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Term
Describe general characteristics of Mollusca
1. Body cavity
2. Foot
3. Mantle
4. Radula
5. Circulatory
6. Respiration
7. Level of organization
8. Digestions |
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Definition
1. Eucoelomate
2. locotion
3. pair of thin body folds
4. rasping mouthpart
5. open (closed in ceph)
6. cutaneous, gills, or vascular mantle
7. organ system
8. extracellular |
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Term
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Definition
1. secretes shell in 3 layers
2. thin fleshy sheath hanging down either side of body
3. protects
4. mantle cavity encloses gills
-food brought to gills
-wastes excreted
-gametes released |
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Term
| Describe open circulation in Mollusca |
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Definition
1. blood oxygenated in gills and mantle
2. goes to paired auricles of heart then to muscular ventricle
3. tissues in coelom bathed with blood
4. blood collected and boosted by accessory hearts in front of each gill |
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Term
| Describe reproduction in Mollusca |
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Definition
-trochophore and veliger: simple and complex free swimming larvae
ex. oysters
-juvenile bypasses both larval stages
ex. cephalopods |
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Term
| Describe Class Polyplacophora |
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Definition
Chitons
-dorsoventrally flattened,
-8 overlapping plates and foot beneath
-clings to rocks and scrapes algae |
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Term
| Describe Class Gastropoda |
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Definition
snails, slugs, limpets, conchs, abalone
-most diverse and only with terrestrial forms
-coiled in univalve shell or no shell
-torsion: body twisted in embryonic development
-feeding: herbs, suspension, scavengers, carnivores
-respiration:
1. gills- conchs and whelks
2. vascular mantle (lung)- snails, slugs |
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Term
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Definition
clams, mussels, scallops, oysters
-two laterally compressed shells
-no head or radula
-respiration: cilia create current>incurrent>gills>out
-feeding: food trapped by mucous covered gills>cilia to labial palps>mouth
-glochidium: specialized veliger larvae, parasite on fish |
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Term
| Describe Class Cephalopodia |
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Definition
squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus
-most no shell; chitin strip
-foot modified as arms/tentacles
-jet propelled
-highly predatory; advanced eyes, brain, arms, beak
-social communication; chromatophores change color
-reproduction: male places spermatophore in female |
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Term
| Describe Osmotic regulation in Terrestrial animals |
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Definition
1. Lose water in respiration, evaporation, excretion
2. ions and H2O ingested; H2O via metabolism
3. protein turns into ammonia
-fish excrete ammonia via gills (most toxic)
-mammals excrete urea via urine (toxic)
-birds, reptiles excrete pasty insoluble uric acid (not toxic) |
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Term
| Describe excretion of wastes in invertebrates |
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Definition
nephridium
1. protonephridium-flame cell
ex. flatworm
2. metanephridium- more advanced
ex. molluscs
3. antennal gland
ex. crustaceans
4. Malphigian tubules
ex. insects |
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Term
Describe the Mammalian Kidney
Structure |
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Definition
1. cortex: outer
-hypotonic/fresh water
2. Medula: inner
-hypertonic/salty
-Blood enters via renal artery and vein
-urine>ureter>urinary bladder>urethra
-Nephron: functional unit |
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Term
Describe the Mammalian Kidney
Function
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption |
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Definition
1. blood plasma filters out of glomerulus, collected in Bowman's capsule
-filtrates: water, inorganic ions, urea
-leaves behind rbc, plasma, proteins
2. proximal convoluted tubule
-active transport of glucose, amino acids, vitamins, inorganic ions back into blood
-passive osmosis of H2O |
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Term
Describe the Mammalian Kidney
Function
3. Water excretion
4. Tubular secretion |
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Definition
3. Loop of Henle, collecting duct
*medulla is higher in solute than blood
-ascending loop of Henle is H2O impermeable; descending is permeable
-H2O osmoses out of loop of Henle in descent and cannot re-enter in ascent
-H2O osmoses out of collecting duct in descent
4. Distal convoluted tubule
-inorganic ions (H,K) are secreted actively or passively into urine
-drugs/foreign materials secreted also |
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Term
Describe regulation by kidney
1. Blood concentration
2. Blood pressure |
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Definition
1. brain monitors osmotic concentration
-if dehydrated, ADH released by pituitary gland
-permeability of collecting duct increase, and more H2O moves into blood (secrete aldosterone=thirst)
-if hydrated, ADH not released, and less H2O removed from urine
2. monitored by kidney
-if low or Na is low, kidney signals adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone
-triggers thirst, diluting blood (greater pressure)
-signals release of ADH (water conserved)
-signals distal convoluted tubule to release more NA into blood from urine |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics of the Non-specific defense system (Innate)
1. Skin
2. Mucous
3. Fever |
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Definition
1. physical barrier
-chemical barrier: pH=3-5
2. stomach: pH=2-3
-saliva lysozymes
-sticky digestive and respiratory linings
3. chemical resetting of body thermostat higher (pyrogen)
a. intensifies effects of antimicrobial proteins
b. inhibits growth of microbes
c. speeds chemical reactions responding to infection |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics of the Non-specific defense system (Innate)
1. Inflammation
2. Phagocytosis
3. Natural Killer cells |
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Definition
1. local redness, pain, swelling
a. injured tissue and leucocytes release chemicals
-vasodilation
-capillary permeability increased
-phagocytes are attracted to eat dead cells
b. increased fluids=swelling
-stiffness hinders joins
-pressure to nerves causes pain
2. some leucocytes eat eat invaders
-wandering macrophages circulate in blood to areas of infection to eat intruders
-fixed macrophages stationed in lymph system eat specific cell (old RBCs in spleen)
3. NK
-non phagocytotic lymphocyte in lymph system
-chemicals lyse abnormal cells |
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Term
Describe Antibody-mediated immunity
1. Components
2. Process |
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Definition
1. Antigen (ag)- triggers immune response
Antibody (ab)- proteins produced in response to ag
B lymphocyte (B cell)-primary WBC
2. Antibody-Mediated Immune Reaction
a. B cell complexes with ag and is activated
b. B cell clones itself
c. B cells mature into plasma cells
-each makes millions of ab molecules
d. ab travels to lymph and blood to site of infection, bind to antigen
-slows/inactivates (agglutination)
e. some B cell clones mature in 1000s of memory B cells able to respond to future attack |
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Term
| Describe Cell Mediated Immune Reaction |
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Definition
1. APC encounters antigen
-APC ingests ag, presents it on surface and travels to lymph
2. T cell binds to ag and is activated
-T cell clones
-leave lymph and travel to site of infection, bind to ag
-puncture cell, kill DNA, signals phagocytes
3. T cell mature into 1000s of memory T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV attack T cells of cell mediated immunity and the T cells that activate B cells of antibody-mediated immunity |
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Term
| Describe Blood group antigens |
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Definition
-RBCs have antigen on surface, similar to MHC
-Antibodies present in the blood for all foreign RBC ag
-Ab interaction with foreign ag caused dangerous clotting
-blood types named for ag present |
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Term
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Definition
-another separate ab-ag of the blood
-ag is either present or not
-ab is not normally present in Rh- individual unless they are are exposed to Rh+ blood |
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Term
Describe blood incompatibilities with mother/fetus
1. Blood type
2. Rh factor |
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Definition
1. does not affect fetus because it cannot cross placenta
2. is a problem because Rh can cross placenta
-Rh- gives birth to Rh+ baby
-baby's ag can infect mother
-mother produces Rh antibody
-at next birth, the antibody can cross placenta and lyse fetus RBCs |
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