Term
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Definition
Spirogyra-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Non-pathogenic: contains chloroplasts. The first picture represents the distinctive spiral-shaped cholorplasts. The second picture represents sexual reproduction through a conjugation.
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Term
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Definition
Amoeba proteus-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Non-pathogenic: This amoeba is free-living. There is a central vacuole present that pumps out excess water to prevent osmotic lysis. This amoeba also has pseudopods which are used for motility and phagocytosis.
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Term
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Definition
Anabaena
Cellular
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
No Kingdom
Non-pathogenic: Anabaena is categorized as cyanobacteria. This bacterium doesn't have chloroplasts but does possess the pigment chlorophyll a, which allows oxygenic photosynthesis. The letter "H" represents heterocytes. Heterocytes contain nitrogenase and help with nitrogen-fixation. Nitrogenase is deactivated by oxygen, and the heterocytes create an anaerobic environment to allow it to function. The gram-stain is negative.
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Term
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Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Cellular
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: infection leads to the common disease known as anthrax. The cell shape is bacillus, and the arrangement is streptobacilli. The second picture shows endospores that are represented by the white "ovals". The capsule enables survival from phagocytosis and allows dissemination into the blood. However, the endospores can be destroyed by autoclaving. The gram-stain is positive/purple.
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Term
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Definition
Balantidium coli-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: infects pigs and can be transmitted to humans through fecal-oral contamination with water or food. Ingestion of cysts can lead to infection which causes diarrhea. The top picture is a non-ciliated cyst, and the lower picture is a ciliated trophozoite. |
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Term
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Definition
Mushroom-Basidiomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Non-pathogenic: Mushrooms are non-pathogenic. But they can be poisonous and cause intoxication through the production of mycotoxins. Mushrooms have hyphae, a portion that is underground, and a portion that is above-ground and makes up the stalk. The cap of the mushroom is the sexual reproductive structure. The gills of the mushroom contain basidia that release sexual basidiospores. |
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Term
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Definition
Taenia solium
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Pathogenic:aka pork tapeworm, also fall into helminthes (i.e. multicellular, parasitic worms that can be seen with the naked eye when fully grown). The host is pork and zoonotic transmission to humans occurs with eating undercooked pork. Taenia cysticercus is the juvnile form that develops when eggs are ingested. Cysticerci may be found in any tissue, especially subcutaneous connective tissues, eyes, brain, heart, liver, lungs and coelom. The death of a cysticercus can produce a rapidly inflammatory response. The first picture shows cysticerci that have infected a brain. The second picture is that of a cysticerci, and the third picture is that of an adult worm.
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Term
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Definition
Candida albicans-Ascomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Pathogenic: Grows on mucus membranes (i.e. anal, rectal, mouth, vaginal area). Immunocompromised people and those taking broad-spectrum antibiotics are at risk. In healthy people, lactic acid bacteria outcompete Candida albicans.The second picture depicts budding/asexual reproduction.
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Term
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Definition
Claviceps purpurea-Ascomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Pathogenic: grows on grain and produce sclerotia (i.e. dark black structures). Sclerotia produces ergotamine, a heat-stable toxin that causes hallucinations, vasocontriction of the blood vessels, and smooth muscle contractions of the uterus that can lead to miscarriages. Causes intoxication and necrosis, which led to the name "St. Anthony's Fire". The perethecia hold the acospores (which are represented by the oval-shaped structures above). |
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Term
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Definition
Coccidioides immitis-Ascomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Pathogenic: causes lung lesions that can be mistaken for lung cancer and Valley Fever. Dimorphic fungi that can grow as a mold or unicellular yeast (when it gets into your body). Barrel-shaped cells in the upper right are arthroconidia. Once ingested, they turn into spherules (lower left) containing endospores. |
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Term
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Definition
Prions
Acellular
Not any of the three domains
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: prions are misfolded proteins that can infect and cause correctly folded protein to misfold and mutate. They cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These diseases cause "holes" in the brain and are ultimately fatal. Some examples are scrapie in sheeps, BSE in cattle, and CJD in humans.
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Term
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Definition
Lichen-Ascomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Non-pathogenic: lichens form mutualistic/symbiotic relationships with photysyntheic organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. Lichens attach to surfaces tightly and prevent plants from being blown off by wind. Plants then provide organic nutrients like glucose in return.The first picture is that of crustose lichen, the second is that of foliose lichen, and the third is that of fructicose lichen. |
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Term
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Definition
Dermatophtes: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum-Ascomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Pathogenic: keritinase permits digestion of keratin and allows these three to grow on hair, nails, and skin. Can be zoonotic as well. Usually live in dirt and can infect thsoe who come into contact with soil. The three aforementioned fungi cause Athlete's foot, and Trichophyton is known to be linked with ringworm. |
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Term
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Definition
Mycorrhiza
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Non-pathogenic: mycorrhiza form symbiotic/mutalistic relationships with plants. The fungi increases surface area for water and nutrient absorption. Plants make organic molecules that the fungi can use. The first picture is that of ectotrophic mycorrhizae, which grows around roots but does not penetrate their cells. The second picture is that of endotrophic mycorrhizae, which grows around roots and does penetrates their cells. However, these fungi never pierce the plant cell walls! |
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Term
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Definition
Elodea
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
Non-pathogenic: Elodea contains structures that are typical of plants. There are chloroplasts that contain the pigment chlorophyll a. A cell wall comprised of cellulose also exists. |
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Term
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Definition
Entamoeba histolytica-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: causes aemoebic dysentery and bloody diarrhea. Infection occurs when cysts are ingested through fecal-oral contact or contaminated food or water. Once in the GI tract, the cysts turn into trophozoites which live/replicate in the GI tract and digests it. The lysozymes of this amoeba fuse with the GI tract and dump hydrolytic enzymes on it. The pseudopods are used for motility and phagocytosis. The second picture shows the amoeba feeding on red blood cells. A central vacuole also exist and is used to pump out extra water to prevent osmotic lysis. |
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Term
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Definition
Euglena-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Non-pathogenic: free living, contains chloroplasts. Obtained chloroplasts through secondary symbiosis by ingesting algae already containing chloroplasts. Can be hunters in the dark and photosynthetic in the light. Two flagella, one tiny and the other long. There is a red "eye-spot" that detects light and allows travel towards it.
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Term
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Definition
Euglena-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Non-pathogenic: free living, contains chloroplasts. Obtained chloroplasts through secondary symbiosis by ingesting algae already containing chloroplasts. Can be hunters in the dark and photosynthetic in the light. Two flagella, one tiny and the other long. There is a red "eye-spot" that detects light and allows travel towards it.
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Term
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Definition
Giardia lamblia-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: contracted by consuming contaminated water with cysts, or fecal-oral route. Tear drop-shaped with 4 flagella and 2 nuclei (represented by the two "eyes" above). Giardia lamblia attaches to the intestinal mucosa and acts as a barrier. It absorbs nutrients while the host doesn't. Fatty smelling diarrhea or wasting syndrome with chronic cases. |
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Term
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Definition
Influenza virus
Acellular
Not any of the three domains
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: the influenza virus is an RNA virus that can undergo many mutations and become highly virulent. A virus, in general, contains proteins and nucleic acids. Prions, on the other hand, contain just proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
Mosquito
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Pathogenic: the female mosquito feeds on blood and is a primary vector for diseases such as malaria (Anopholes) and Zika virus (Aedes). |
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Term
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Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Cellular
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: causes gonorrhea. Can be sexually transmitted. Represented above by the pointer arrow. Coccus-shaped. Diplococcus arrangement. Reproduces by binary fission. The neutrophils are attempting to phagocytose the pathogen. Gram negative. |
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Term
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Definition
Nostoc
Cellular
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
No Kingdom
Non-pathogenic:Nostoc is categorized as cyanobacteria. This bacterium doesn't have chloroplasts but does possess the pigment chlorophyll a, which allows oxygenic photosynthesis. The bigger, clear "circles" represent heterocytes. Heterocytes contain nitrogenase and help with nitrogen-fixation. Nitrogenase is deactivated by oxygen, and the heterocytes create an anaerobic environment to allow it to function. The gram-stain is negative. This bacteria is often referred to as "pond scum".
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Term
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Definition
Paramecium-Protista
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Non-pathogenic: Paramecium are ciliated and possess a contractile vacuole and two nuclie (macro and micro). This vacuole is used to expel excess water to prevent osmotic lysis. The micro nuclie is used for sexual reproduction. Paramecium is free-living and feeds on other microbes. Its cilia sweeps up prey through the oral grove and along to the mouth opening. |
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Term
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Definition
Penicillium-Ascomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Non-pathogenic: the antibiotic Penicillin was extracted from this fungi. The conidia (or asexual spores) are found at the end of the aerial hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
Plasmodium falciparum-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: intracelluar parasite that invades our RBCs. Plasmodium falciparum is endemic to the Anopheles mosquito for a vector because of close co-evolution, and we have Anopheles mosquito in California as well. Reproduces sexually in Anopholes and the resulting offspring are infectious. The mosquitoes feed on hosts and transfer the pathogen through saliva. The pathogen goes into the liver, travels to RBCs, and then reproduces asexually. The infectious sage is called the gametophye and is sickle-shaped. Whereas, the non-infectious stage is globular. |
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Term
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Definition
Rhizobium
Cellular
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
No Kingdom
Non-pathogenic: this is a symbiotic/mutalistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria often found with legumes. Induces tumor formation in the roots called nodules. The nodules produce nitrogenase which helps with nitrogen-fixation. Nodules can be seen in the second picture. They also produce leghemoglobulin which decreases the oxygen concentration so that nitrogenase isn't deacivated. The leghemoglobulin creates a pinkish color in the nodules, and you can see this when you slice them in half (i.e. the first and third pictures have pinkish infected cells and white-colored non-infected cells). This fungi converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium, which plants can then use. The plants then provide the fungi organic nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
Rhizopus-Zygomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Non-pathogenic: aka the "bread mold". The top picture represents a sporangium (with asexual sporangiospores inside) connected to aerial hyphae and a sexual reproduction act. The second picture represents a zygospore, the product of sexual reproduction. The third picture represents sporangiospores (which are involved in asexual reproduction). |
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Term
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Definition
Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Ascomycota
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Non-pathogenic: commonly called the "baker's yeast" or "wine yeast". Reproduces asexually by budding and sexually by ascospore production. You can often see asci with 1-4 ascospores in them. The first picture shows asci with ascospores engaging in sexual reproducing and budding concurrently.
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Term
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Definition
Trypanosoma brucei-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: extracellular parasite of the blood as well, represented by UM in the picture. K represents a nucleus of the pathogen. The Glossina (tsetse fly) is the vector. It cuts wounds into its hosts when it feeds, and its saliva contains the parasite. This pathogen causes African Sleeping Sickness/African Trypanosomiasis. |
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Term
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Definition
Trypanosoma cruzi-Protist
Cellular
Eukaryotic
Eukarya
No Kingdom
Pathogenic: extracellular parasite in the blood and doesn't infect blood cells, pathogen looks C-shaped or V-shaped (as in the picture). Can also invade the smooth muscles of the esophagus and colon which can oversize them. The Triatoma (kissing bug) is the arthropod vector and spreads Trypanosoma cruzi by opening wounds to feed and then transmitting the protist when it defecates into the wounds. Chaga's disease/American Trypanosomiasis is caused by this pathogen. |
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