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| Two fundamental properties of cancer cells |
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Definition
1. abnormal cell growth & division (proliferation)
2. defects in the normal restraints that keep cells from spreading & invading other parts of the body (metastasis) |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer cells from patient's with this disease show reciprocal translocations between chromosome 8 and chromosome 2, 14, or 22 (in each case, all cancer cells arise from a single cell & this cell passes on its genetic aberrations to its progeny) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the alteration of an organisms genome & involves the use of recombinant DNA technologies to add a gene or genes to a genome; it can also involve the removal of a gene or genes |
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Definition
| the use of living organisms to create to create a product or process that helps improve the quality of life for humans and other organisms (ex: insulin, wine, beer, etc.) |
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Definition
| protein hormone that regulates glucose metabolism; first human gene product manufactured by recombinant DNA technology |
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Definition
| individuals with specific genotype / total number of individuals |
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Definition
| number of specific alleles / total number of alleles |
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Term
| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| (p+q)=1 principle that frequencies of alleles & genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation & recombination of alleles are at work |
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Term
| Hardy Weinberg Assumptions |
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Definition
| Population must be very large, No migrations (no gene flow or transfer of alleles), No mutations, Random mating, No natural selection |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| interbreed in nature to produce viable, non-sterile offspring; Based on infertility, not physical similarity |
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| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Definition
| species shares an ancestor, lineage maintains integrity, divergence becomes sufficiently clear |
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| Genealogical Species Concept |
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Definition
| genetic amino acids and proteins |
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Definition
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Definition
| 2 different species evolve to look or function like one another |
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Definition
| mutations and different selective pressures cause populations to evolve along dissimilar paths |
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Definition
| hybridization between species (allo-polyploidy), errors in cell division (meiosis failure) (auto-polyploidy), shifts in mate preference |
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Definition
| fixed at birth, genetically programmed |
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Definition
| modification of behavior resulting from specific experiences |
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| sequence of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated |
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Definition
| decreases individual fitness, but increases fitness of others |
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Definition
| individuals aid other unrelated individuals without any benefit |
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Definition
| quantitative measure predicting when natural selection would favor altruistic acts (benefit, cost, & relatedness) |
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Definition
| number of offspring produced |
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Definition
| production of new individuals (includes birth and immigration) |
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Definition
| individuals are removed from population by death or emigration |
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Term
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Definition
| spacing individuals within a boundary (clumped-individuals aggregate in patches; uniform-individuals are evenly spaced; random-each individual is independent of the others) |
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Term
| Synthesizing Recombinant Human Insulin |
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Definition
synthetic oligonucleotides encoding the
insulin A and B chains were inserted into a cloned E. coli beta-gal gene (lacZ); The recombinant plasmids were transferred to E. coli hosts, where the beta-gal/insulin fusion protein was
synthesized and accumulated in the host cells. Fusion proteins were then
extracted from the host cells and purified. Insulin chains were released from the beta-galactosidase by treatment with cyanogen bromide. The insulin subunits were purified and mixed to produce a functional insulin molecule. |
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Term
POTENTIAL BONUS QUESTION:
Antithrombin |
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Definition
POTENTIAL BONUS QUESTION:
an anticlotting protein; became the world's first drug extracted from the milk of farm animals to be approved for use in humans in 2006 |
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Term
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Definition
| gene from a human pathogen is inserted into a vector; vector gets introduced to plant cells, leaf segments sprout into whole plants carrying gene from human pathogen, eating a banana triggers immune response to pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the immune system to confer immunity against specific diseases (2 types) |
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Term
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Definition
| prepared from killed samples of an infectious virus or bacteria (ex: rabies, influenza) |
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Term
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Definition
| live viruses or bacteria that can no longer reproduce (ex: TB, cholera, chickenpox) |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of one or more surface proteins from the virus or bacterium but not the entire virus or bacterium; act as antigens that stimulate the immune system to make antibodies against the organism from which they were derived (ex: Hepatitis B) |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide used to kill weeds. It is typically sprayed and absorbed through the leaves and interferes with the synthesis of amino acids. |
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Term
| Glyphosate-Resistant Transgenic Plants |
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Definition
| EPSP synthase gene from bacteria fuses to promoter, fusion is ligated into Ti-plasmid vector & recombinant vector transforms into R. radiobacter host cells. Infection of cultured plant cells transfers EPSP into plant-cell chromosome, cells now able to synthesize EPSP making them resistant to glyphosate |
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Term
POTENTIAL BONUS QUESTION:
Gene Testing |
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Definition
POTENTIAL BONUS QUESTION:
one of the first successful applications of recombinant DNA technology. Used to perform prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases, identify carriers, to predict the future development of disease in adults |
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Term
| Amniocentesis or Chorionic Villus Sampling |
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Definition
| the position of the fetus is first determined by ultrasound, and a needle is then inserted through the abdominal and uterine walls to recover fluid and fetal cells for cytogenetic or biochemical analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal recessive condition common in people with family origins in West Africa, Mediterranean basin, and parts of the middle east. Caused by a single amino acid substitution in the beta-globin polypeptide; this mutation eliminates a cutting site in the beta-globin gene for the restriction enzymes MstII and CvnI |
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Term
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Definition
small, solid supports usually glass or polished quartz-based, on which known fragments of DNA are deposited in a precise pattern; can contain up to 500,000 different fields representing a different DNA sequence. To study changes in gene mutations or the expression of thousands of genes within an organism.
GREEN represents Control DNA, where either DNA or cDNA derived from normal tissue is hybridized to the target DNA.
RED represents Sample DNA, where either DNA or cDNA is derived from
diseased tissue (cancer for example) hybridized to the target DNA.
YELLOW represents combination of Control & Sample DNA, where both hybridized equally to the target DNA.
BLACK represents areas where neither the Control nor Sample DNA hybridized to the target DNA |
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Term
| Gene Expression Microarrays |
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Definition
| can also be used to study the expression of genes in organisms infected with different pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| therapeutic technique that aims to transfer normal genes into a patient's cells; the normal genes will be transcribed & translated into functional gene products which will bring about a normal phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| For diseases that are caused by a small number of inherited genetic changes, such as cystic fibrosis or muscular dystrophy, gene therapy uses the correct genes that are introduced into the patient. For acquired diseases like cancer, gene therapy uses genes to directly or indirectly cause the demise of the cancerous cells. The concept of gene therapy was introduced in the late 1970s after the development of recombinant DNA technology. |
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Term
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Definition
| The normal version of the disease-related gene is injected into human tissues by using a gene delivery vehicle called a "vector." A vector is typically a disabled virus that is capable of efficiently delivering genes into patients' cells, but cannot reproduce itself and cause disease. When the vector is injected into the tissue affected by the illness, it unloads the DNA within the target cells in the patients, which then begins producing the therapeutic protein. |
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Term
| Non-Viral Delivery System |
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Definition
Scientists are also developing methods to package DNA into nanoparticles using
biosynthetic material for gene delivery into patients' cells. The goal of these vectors is to reduce the side effects and for the vector to have very precise man-made properties specific for each disease. |
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Term
| Treating SCID with Gene Therapy |
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Definition
| a cloned human ADA gene is transferred into a viral vector, which is then used to infect white blood cells removed from the patient. The transferred ADA gene is incorporated into a chromosome and becomes active. After growth to enhance their numbers, the cells are re-implanted into the patient, where they produce ADA, allowing the development of an immune response. |
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Term
| Treating Cancer with Gene Therapy |
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Definition
Lymphocytes taken from a cancer patient are engineered to express a T
cell receptor that recognizes a melanoma-specific molecule. Once
expanded, these antitumor lymphocytes are transferred back into the patient to destroy cancer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that can create site-specific cleavage in the genome and when coupled with certain integrases may lead to gene editing by cutting out defective sequences and introducing normal homologous sequences into the genome |
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Term
| Reasons GM Crops Are Controversial |
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Definition
| concerns about proper testing for allergies, environmental impact, cross-pollination contamination of species. genetic variability may be reduced, antibiotic resistant genetic markers in crops conferring toxicity. world food supply domination by few companies. |
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Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Testing: A father is heterozygous for the delta 508 mutation and a mother is heterozygous for the R117 mutation. |
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Definition
| Since both mutations occur in the CF gene, children who possess both alleles will suffer from CF. With both parents heterozygous, each child born will have a 25% chance of developing CF. |
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Term
| Why would you specifically want to avoid inactivating p53, pRB, & related proteins? |
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Definition
| p53 and pRB are tumor suppressor proteins and are required by the cell to effectively monitor the cell cycle. reduction in their activity would diminish normal cell cycle controls & most likely lead to cancer. it would be especially important if such viral-vectors are intended to treat cancer where cell cycle control is likely already compromised. |
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Term
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Definition
| Since a gene is a product of the natural world, it does not conform to section 101 of U.S. patent laws which govern patentable matter. Since both the direct-to-consumer test for the BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes and Venter's "first ever human made life form" are original in their process or development, they should be patentable. |
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