Term
| 1.What is the purpose of the horseshoe shaped cartilages? |
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Definition
| Protecting the trachea from collapsing when the pressure in the thoracic cavity becomes negative |
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Term
| 2. What is lung compliance? |
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Definition
| The ability for the lungs to inflate and change volume reasonable pressure |
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Term
| 3. What is the function of the larynx? |
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Definition
| Speech, conducts air, protects lungs from things other than air. |
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Term
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Definition
| The opening at the larynx, between the vocal cords |
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Term
| 5. Why is the right bronchus more prone to obstruction? |
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Definition
| It is wider, thus more likely an obstruction will occur |
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Term
| 6. What supplies blood to the conducting airways? |
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Definition
| Bronchial circulation (not pulmonary circulation) |
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Term
| 7. What are the two parts of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Conducting airway (supplies the air), and the respiratory tissue (gas exchange occurs) – gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar structures |
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Term
| 8. What is the function of the mucociliary blanket? |
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Definition
| It serves to clean (by trapping dust, etc.) and to moisten air that passes over it |
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Term
| 9. What is the purpose of the moisture in the conducting airway in relation to temperature? |
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Definition
| A direct relationship – as the body temperature rises, more moisture is added (evaporation) |
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Term
| 10. What is the pleural effusion? |
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Definition
| Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity |
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Term
| 11. Adequate ventilation depends on…? |
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Definition
| Compliant lungs, patent airways, lung/atm (atmospheric) pressure differences |
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Term
| 12. What is the primary muscle that functions during inspiration? |
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Definition
| Diaphragm (all others are just accessories) |
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Term
| 13. How is oxygen transported in the blood? |
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Definition
| Most, but not all, is attached to hemoglobin |
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Term
| 14. To what does the PO2 level refer? |
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Definition
| Plasma O2 levels, thus the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma |
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Term
| 15. Describe the functions of surface tension on alveoli? |
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Definition
| Slows rate of expansion of alveoli, helps alveoli expand at the same rate |
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Term
| 16. Define vital capacity? |
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Definition
| Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and forced out |
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Term
| 17. What is the relation between the surface area of the alveoli and the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs? |
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Definition
| Direct relationship – more area means more gas diffusion |
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Term
| 18. Removal of a lung would cause what in relation to diffusing capacity? |
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Definition
| Direct relationship – it reduces surface area thus decreasing the diffusing capacity of the lungs |
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Term
| 19. Bicarbonate carries what in the blood? |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide is transported mostly in the form of bicarbonate |
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Term
| 20. A prolonged fever can initiate dehydration by? |
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Definition
| Increased amount of water removed (evaporation) from increased temperature, fever increases the respiratory rate, resulting in additional loss of water vapor through the lungs |
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Term
| 21. What is % of humidity of the air in the lungs? |
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Definition
| The air in the alveoli of the lungs is 100% saturated at the normal body temperature (percent saturation – 100% = 4% water) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 23. What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome? |
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Definition
| (ARDS) caused by impaired gas diffusion, characterized by loss of surfactant, interstitial edema, formation of hyaline membrane, wide spread atclectasis |
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Term
| 24. What does positive tuberculosis skin test indicate? |
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Definition
| They have been exposed and sensitized (possibly from immunization) |
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Term
| 25. What is the purpose of the two-step testing of tuberculosis? |
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Definition
| Check for boosted response to the first test |
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Term
| 26. What are the symptoms of influenza? |
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Definition
| Fever, chills, general malaise |
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Term
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Definition
| The pleura is covering that protects the lungs (a double-layered serous membrane to reduce friction of lung movement) |
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Term
| 28. What is spontaneous pneumothorax? |
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Definition
| It is collapse of a portion of lung, not caused be outside influences |
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Term
| 29. Define tension pneumothorax. |
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Definition
| It is caused by a side shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side (caused by an injury or other outside influence) |
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Term
| 30. What agent causes pneumonia? |
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Definition
| S. pneumonia (streptococcus pneumonia) |
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Term
| 31. The polysaccharides capsule of S. pneumonia protects it from what? |
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Definition
| Polysaccharide protection means it will be difficult to be eaten by phagocytes |
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Term
| 32. Define Legionnaire’s Disease. |
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Definition
| It is common in persons with chronic illness and it consolidates lung tissue. It is preceded by diarrhea, hyponatremia, and confusion. Outbreaks have been traced to AC cooling towers and evaporative condensers |
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Term
| 33. Common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS. |
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Definition
| Pneumocystis carinii (fungus) |
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Term
| 34. The common cold is transmitted via… |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. What virus is responsible for the common cold? |
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Definition
| Rhinoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), and adenoviruses |
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Term
| 36. What are the features of the mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis? |
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Definition
| Do not spore, waxy coat that retains acid/red dye, they are aerobes (use oxygen environment in the lungs) |
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Term
| 37. How do antihistamines adversely affect the lungs? |
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Definition
| They dry the bronchial secretions |
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Term
| 38. Sinuses favor the growth of organisms because they… |
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Definition
| Sinuses have low oxygen concentration; many organisms favor this. |
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Term
| 39. What is the pressure in relation to the lungs during a tension pneumothorax compared to the atmospheric pressure? |
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Definition
| Intraplueral pressure exceeds the atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| 40. What happens to the trachea’s position during a tension pneumothorax? |
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Definition
| It deviates (from its normal position) |
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Term
| 41. Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes what lung difficulties? |
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Definition
| Impaired gas exchange, lungs do not inflate and become stiff |
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Term
| 42. What are signs of hypercapnia [increases carbon dioxide in blood]? |
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Definition
| Headache, flushed skin, conjuctival hyperemia (abnormally high amount of blood in eyes) |
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Term
| 43. Define hyperventilation. |
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Definition
| Higher than normal ventilation rate which will cause a decrease in blood CO2 levels |
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Term
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Definition
| A special pleural effusion, it differs in that the pleural cavity fills with pus |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the lung does not expand completely |
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Term
| 46. What happens to the residual lung volume during an asthmatic attack? |
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Definition
| It increases, as air is trapped, and cannot contribute to vital capacity |
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Term
| 47. What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? |
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Definition
(COPD) small airway obstruction during expiratory phase of ventilations; group of diseases
(chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis) |
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Term
| 48. Emphysema affects what part of the lungs? |
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Definition
| Air space abnormally enlarges with destruction of alveolar walls |
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Term
| 49. Why not give a person with hypoxia a high concentration of oxygen? |
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Definition
| Chemoreceptors for blood O2 would infer high O2 and reduce breathing stimuli. High concentrations suppress CO2 chemoreceptors which provide the main stimulus for ventilation |
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Term
| 50. What happens to the lungs during asbestosis? |
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Definition
| Injury causes scar tissue and stiffening of lung tissue |
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