Term
| respiratory system function |
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Definition
| O2 in, CO2 out, homeostasis of pH, olfaction, phonation |
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Definition
| flap that folds down to close the opening to the larynx when we swallow |
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Definition
| stretch across the larynx and vibrate to create sound |
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| cartilage that vocal ligaments are attatched to, testosterone effects growth of this cartilage and creates deeper sound and adams apple |
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Definition
| beginning of air pathway in throat |
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| area past oropharynx where the pathway splits to larynx and esophogus |
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| air passageway that branches into primary bronchi, cartilage rings hold open |
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| branch right and left from trachea, have cartilage plates that keep it open |
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Definition
| branch from primary bronchi |
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Definition
| "segmental bronchi", branch from secondary bronchi to the bronchioles |
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| from right ventricle of heart to right and left primary bronchi, branch to lobar arteries |
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Definition
| located in secondary bronchi, branch to segmental arteries |
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Definition
| located in segmental bronchi, branch to pulmonary arterioles |
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Definition
| located in bronchioles, terminate in pulmonary capillary beds |
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Definition
| surround alveoli and facilitate gas exchange in lungs |
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| located in bronchioles, bring oxygenated blood from pulmonary capillaries to segmental veins |
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Definition
| located in segmental bronchi, converge to lobar veins |
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Definition
| located in secondary bronchi, converge to pulmonary veins |
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Definition
| originate in primary right and left bronchi and converge to the left atrium of the heart |
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Definition
| branch from segmental bronchi, contain no cartilage, only smooth muscle, able to dialate and constrict |
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Definition
| pockets in lungs where gas exchange occurs |
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| segment of lung that comes from each segmental bronchus, can be removed without effecting other segments |
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| fascia lining the endothoracic cavity |
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Definition
| layer of "plural cavity" fused to the endothoracic plura |
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Definition
| layer of "plural cavity" fused to surface of lung |
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Definition
| physical movement of air in and out of lungs |
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Definition
| scalene muscles and intercostal muscles raise ribs and make endothoracic cavity larger |
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Definition
| contract abdominal muscles which increases pressure in abdominal cavity pushing on diaphragm and making endothoracic cavity smaller |
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Definition
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Definition
| (tidal volume) x (respiratory rate) = pulmonary volume |
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Definition
| area in repiratory tube where no gas exchange occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| (tidal volume - anatomic dead space) x (respiratory rate) = alveolar respiration |
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Definition
| membrane surounding alveloi consisting of type 1 alveolar cells, basement membrane and endothelial cells of capillaries |
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Definition
| epithelial cells lining alveolus |
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Definition
| large epithelial cell that secretes surfactant in alveolus |
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Definition
| like detergent, breaks up surface tension of water in alveolus |
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Definition
| law of partial pressure 79%-N2 21%-O2 1%-CO2 |
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Definition
| increased pressure in deep sea pushes nitrogen into blood stream and causes euphoric feeling in divers which makes them stay under too long |
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Definition
| stops from over expanding lungs to point of rupture |
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Definition
| ganglion in the pons that stimulates prolonged inspiration and deeper breathing |
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Definition
| terminates inspiration, stimulated by stretch receptors in the alveoli, responsible for herring bower refelx |
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Definition
| responsible for quiet respiration and basic rythmn of breathing, recieves messages from both apneustic center and pnemotaxic center, sends signal throught phrenic nerve to diaphragm |
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Definition
| stimulates somatic enervation for foreced inspiration |
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Definition
| chemoreceptor in corotid artery with O2 and H+ receptors, signals carried by CN IX |
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Definition
| chemoreceptor in aorta with O2 and H+ receptors, signals carried by CN X |
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Definition
| located in medulla oblongata, O2 CO2 and H+ receptors |
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| semi liquid paste made of saliva and food |
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| absorbable sugar - glucose, galactose, fructose |
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Definition
| disacharride - glucose + fructose |
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Definition
| disacharride - glucose + galactose |
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Definition
| disacharride - glucose + glucose |
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| enzyme that breaks up sucrose |
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks up lactose |
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks up maltose |
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Definition
| polysacharride, starch- plants, only one we can digest |
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Definition
| structural polysacharride |
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Definition
| insect exoskeleton polysacharride |
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| starts to break down starch in oral cavity |
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Definition
| fixed enzymes attached to apical surfaces of o cells in duodenum that break down sucrose lactose and maltose |
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Definition
| enzymes that break down protiens by targeting specific amino peptide bonds |
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Definition
| protease in stomach that becomes activated by acidic environment (pH 1) to become pepsin, secreted by cheif cells of the stomach |
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Definition
| fixed enzyme in duodenum that acts on tryspsinogen to make trypsin |
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Definition
| protease that becomes trypsin when in presence of enterokynase, breaks the peptide bonds involving arginine or lysine |
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Definition
| protease that becomes chymotrypsin which will break peptide bonds involving tyrosine or phenylalanine |
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| protease that becomes carboxypeptidase, will remove amino acid with exposed carboxyl group |
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Definition
| fixed protease in small intestine that binds to free amino group and removes that amino acid |
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Definition
| fixed protease in small intestine that binds to a 2-aminoacid fragment and split it |
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Definition
| ezyme that breaks down triglycerides into a monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids, can only work on surface area of lipid droplets |
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Definition
| when phospholipids act on lipid droplets so they can not bind together to form larger droplets in order to digest them |
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Definition
| tiny lipid droplets small enough that lipase can act on all triglycerides in droplet and break down into absorbable form |
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Definition
| lipase secreted into oral cavity |
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Definition
| lipase secreted into duodenum |
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Definition
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Definition
| intake aprox 2000 mLs/ day through diet, 1500 saliva, 1500 gastric, 4000 small intestine, 9000 mLs total in GI tract, re-absorb 8850 mLs in intestine, 150 mLs leave as feces |
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Definition
| contains NaHCO3 (Na+ and HCO3 bicarbonate), salivary amylase, lingual lipase, H20, and mucus, parasymp increases all but mucus by CN VII & IX, symp increases mucus |
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Definition
| contains mucus, pepsinogen, HCl (H+ & Cl-), intrinsic factor B12 |
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Definition
| cells in lining of stomach that take in Cl- from blood and pump HCO3 into blood, and pump H+ and Cl- into lumen, stimulated by gastrin secreted by G cells and histamine released by mast cells in stretch receptors of stomach |
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Definition
| stimulated by parasymp CN X when we smell, taste or think of food, stimulates parietal cells, cheif cells, and G cells to prepare stomach for food |
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Definition
| cells in stomach that secrete Gastrin, a hormone that increases motility in GI tract |
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Definition
| nerve cells in wall of GI tract, contain both stretch receptors and chemoreceptors, when activated will cause stimulation of parietal cells, cheif cells and G cells as well as "mixing waves" |
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Definition
| hormone secreted by G cells, will act on motility in GI tract as well as parietal cells and chief cells |
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Definition
| when food or drink enters the stomach and acts on myenteric plexus to increase digestion and motility |
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Definition
| in myenteric plexus, detect amino acids and stimulate gastric phase of digestion |
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Definition
| phase when material enters the duodenum and stimulates H+, nutrient and stretch receptors which releases GIP to inhibit gastric phase |
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Definition
| contains H2O, NaHCO3, bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol and iron, contstantly secreted by hepatocytes in bladder and stored in gallbladder until lipid intake |
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Definition
| stores excess bile until needed for digestion |
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Definition
| cholesterol that crystalizes to form stones, small-no problem, will pass through, big-no prob will stay in gallbladder, medium-problem can go into duct and get stuck causing lots of pain! |
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Term
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Definition
| cholecytokinin, release stimulated by carb and lipid receptors in small intestine, stimulates contraction of gallbladder and increased pancreatic juice enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| H2O, NaHCO3, Enzymes- amylase, lipase, protease, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease |
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Definition
| stomach distention stimulates motility in illium |
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Definition
| stomach distenstion stimulates motility in the colon |
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Definition
| lipid soluble, deificient- retarded growth, night blindness, deterioration of epithelial membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| steroids- lipid soluble, deficient- rickets, skeletal deterioration |
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Definition
| tocopherols- lipid soluble, deficient- anemia, other problems |
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Definition
| lipid soluble, deficient- bleeding disorders |
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Definition
| thiamine- water soluble, deficient- muscle weakness, CNS and cardiovascular problems incuding heart disease called beriberi |
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Definition
| riboflavin- water soluble, deficient- epithelial and mucosal deterioration |
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Definition
| nicotinic acid- water soluble, deficient- CNS, GI, epithelial and mucosal deterioration called pellagra |
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Definition
| pantothenic acid- water soluble, deficient- retarded growth, CNS disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| pyridoxyne- water soluble, deficient- retarded growth, anemia, convulsions, epithelial changes |
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Definition
| folic acid- water soluble, deficient- retarded growth, anemia, GI disorders, developmental abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| coblamin- water soluble, deficient- impaired RBC production causing pernicious anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| water soluble, deficient- fatigue, muscular pain, nausea, dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| ascorbic acid- water soluble, deficient- epithelial and mucosal deterioration, scurvy |
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