Term
Describe the following Respiratory organs:
1. Lungs
2. Gills |
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Definition
1. a. surface area (amp-rept-birds-mam)
b. air flow
-two way in most vertabrates; one way in birds (air sacs)
2. counter- current circulation=efficiency |
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Term
Describe the following Respiratory organs:
1. Book Lungs
2. Book gills
3. Trachael
4. Cutaneous |
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Definition
1. lung like, but simple book structure
ex. spiders, scorpions
2. aquatic respiration, simple book structure
ex. horse shoe crabs
3. branching tubes directly to cells
-spiracles (openings) -> tracheoles (tubes)
ex. insects
4. epithelial
ex. porifera, cnidaria, worms, some amphibians |
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Term
| Describe the flow of air in a mammalian system |
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Definition
| nose-pharynx-larynx-trachea-lungs-bronchioles-alveolar duct-alveoli |
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Term
| How is the air treated in the respiratory system? |
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Definition
1. warmed (via capillaries)
2. filtered
3. moistened |
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Term
| Describe the breathing mechanism and coordination |
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Definition
Mechanism:
1. inspiration- ribs rise/diaphragm drops
-chest cavity increases
-air pressure decreases and air moves in
2. expiration- process is reversed
*mammalian have a negative ventilation system
-amphibians have a positive
Coordination:
-H+ increases the acidity of cerebrospinal fluid
-brains medulla responds by increasing rate and depth of breathing |
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Term
| Describe the structure of hemoglobin |
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Definition
-4 globin subunits
-4 iron heme groups with O2 affinity
-affinity for CO is 240x that of O2 |
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Term
| Describe the functioning of hemoglobin |
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Definition
1. O2 bound at the lungs (partial pressure and affinity=high)
2. O2 released at tissue (partial pressure and affinity=low)
3. vice verse for CO2
4. CO2 at tissues decrease hemoglobins affinity for O2 (Bohr Effect) |
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Term
Describe different types of hemoglobin
1. Muscle
2. Llama
3. Fetal |
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Definition
1. myoglobin-higher O2 affinity
-releases during O2 debt
2. higher O2 affinity to counter low O2 pressure at higher temperatures
3. greater affinity that adults because it must remove O2 from the mothers blood |
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Term
| Describe the total transport proportions of O2 and CO2 in the blood |
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Definition
O2:
99% carried by hemoglobin
1% dissolved in plasma
CO2:
23% carried by hemoglobin
7% dissolved in plasma
70% in RBC cytoplasm (H+ and HCO3) |
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Term
Describe the general characteristics of Annelida
1. Metamerism
2. Body plan
3. Neuro system
4. Sensory system
5. Circulation
6. Respiration
7. Setae |
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Definition
1. septum- interior division between segments
-allows for specialization and for independent movement
-also for safety in case of injury
2. Eucoelomate
3. paired cerebral ganglia
4. photo receptors, chemo receptors, statocyts
5. closed circulation
6. cutaneous, sometimes gills, or parapodia
7. stiff hair like bristles; locomotion |
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Term
| Describe the body plan of Annelida |
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Definition
1. Prostomium - with mouth
2. body segments
3. Pygidium - with anus |
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Term
| Describe muscles in Annelida |
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Definition
Strong longitudinal
-decrease in length and widen
Circular
-increase in length and narrow
*move by peristaltic muscular wave contractions |
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Term
| Describe the segmented coelom in Annelida |
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Definition
-fluid filled (except leeches)
-hydrostatic skeleton
-more coordinated movement than roundworms with independent segments |
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Term
Describe the following in Class Polychaeta
1. Habitat
2. Setae |
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Definition
1. mostly marine
2. many setae, on parapodia
-parapodia: paired appendages on each segment
-used in locomotion and respiratory |
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Term
Describe the following in Class Polychaeta
1. Reproduction
2. Cephalization |
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Definition
1. dioecious
-external fertilization
-gonads are only temporary swellings
-indirect development (larva->adult)
2. cephalization pronounced
-simple eyes (lens for intensity and direction)
-nuchal organ: chemoreceptor/food detection
-tactile tentacles and palps |
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Term
Describe the following types of worms in Class Polychaeta
1. Sedentary
2. Errant |
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Definition
1. lugworm, Featherduster
-spend most of time in tubes or burrows
-filter food from water or deposit from bottom
2. Nereis, clam worm
-more active, leaving burrow to swim around
-predatory |
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Term
Describe the following in Class Oligochaeta
1. Habitat
2. Nutrition |
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Definition
1. terrestrial
2. scavengers and some predatory
-important for turning/aerating soil
-crop, gizzard
-nephridia: simple excretory organ
-calciferous glands regulate calcium ion levels
-cloragogen tissue makes stores energy
-typhlosole: infolding of intestinal wall to increase absorption |
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Term
Describe the following in Class Oligochaeta
1. Setae
2. Reproduction |
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Definition
1. fewer setae
-no parapodia, gills, or eyes
2. monoecious
-ventral surfaces attach at clitellum
-clitellum mucous/chitin cocoon holds eggs
-left in soil, sediment, or aquatic e vegetation
-no larval form |
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Term
Describe the following in Class Hirudinida
1. Habitat
2. Body plan |
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Definition
1. freshwater, few marine or terrestrial
2. no head, eyes
-photo, chemo, touch receptors
-dorsoventrally flattened
-fewer segments, but many grooves, annuli |
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Term
Describe the following in Class Hirudinida
1. Septa
2. Parasite |
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Definition
1. no internal septa
-one continuous spongy coelom
-aids in circulation
2. taxon specific parasites
-chemical anesthetizes for incision
-hirudin: anticoagulant |
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Term
| Describe the two types of Circulatory systems |
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Definition
1. Open- blood not always confined to vessels
2. Closed- blood is entirely confined to vessels |
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Term
| Describe the composition of blood |
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Definition
1. Inorganic ions
ex. Na, Cl, HCO3, K, Mg
2. Proteins
ex. hormones, clotting factors
3. Nutrients
ex. monosaccharides, amino acids |
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Term
| Describe the composition of plasma |
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Definition
1. water
2. dissolved solids- proteins, glucose, aa, ions
3. dissolved gases- O2, CO2, N2 |
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Term
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Definition
1. red blood cells
2. in mammals, no nucleus, ribosomes, or mtDNA
3. hemoglobin for carrying O2
4. biconcave disk to increase surface area |
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Term
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Definition
1. white blood cells
2. several types (neutrophils, etc)
3. body's defense system
4. 1 wbc: 700 rbc |
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Term
| Describe blood platelets and hemostasis |
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Definition
1. platelets bind to blood vessel tear
2. platelets and vessel release thromboplastin
3. activates prothrombin into enzyme thrombin
4. this catalyzes fibrinogen to become fibrin
5. fibrin and rbc's mesh to stop bleeding
6. a catalytic sequence = a cascade |
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