Term
| Describe gamete formation |
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Definition
| spermatogenesis and oogenesis |
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Term
Describe the following concepts of fertilization
1. performation
2. epigenesis |
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Definition
1. mini embryo in gametes unfold
2. fertilized egg contains raw materials only that assemble |
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Term
| Describe the purposes of fertilization |
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Definition
1. restore diploidy
2. genetic diversity
3. activate egg- revives active metabolism |
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Term
| Describe the process of Fertilization |
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Definition
1. jelly layer penetrated by sperm
2. fusion with vitelline envelope if egg recognition and sperm receptor proteins match
3. fertilization cone draws sperm head in
4. polyspermy prevention
5. male and female pronuceli fuse
6. removal of inhibitors to egg metabolism
7. egg cytoplasm spatially recognizes |
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Term
| Describe Polyspermy prevention |
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Definition
1. electrical potential change to vitelline membrane
-blocks other sperm
-FAST
2. Cortical reaction- lifts vitelline envelope away
3. Envelope hardens= fertilization membrane
-SLOW |
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Term
Describe the 3 types of yolk distribution
1. isolecithal
2. mesolecithal
3. telolecithal |
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Definition
1. sparse, evenly distributed yolk (mammals, starfish)
2. moderate amount of yolk at one end (amphibs)
3. mostly dense yolk, only a disc of cytoplasm on surface divides (birds, reptiles, fish) |
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Term
| Describe the two types of yolk cleavage |
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Definition
1. holoblastic- whole egg cleaved
-iso and meso
2. meroblastic- only cytoplasm cleaved
-telo
-yolk too dense to cleave |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. Blastula
2. Blastomere
3. Blastocoel |
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Definition
1. hollow ball of cells
2. first cells after yolk cleaves
3. cavity in blastula |
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Term
| Describe Indirect and Direct Development |
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Definition
Indirect: egg>larva>pupa>adult
-metamorphosis
-iso and meso
Direct: egg>embryo>adult
-placental and telo |
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Term
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Definition
1. Invagination- blastula indented creates gastrula
2. archaentron- primitive gut
3. blastopore- opening of the gut
4. end result= three germ layers |
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Term
| Describe the location of the blastopore |
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Definition
1. Protostomes- blastopore forms mouth, anus forms later
-athropoda, molluscs, worms
2. Deuterostomes- blastopore forms anus, mouth forms later
-chordata, echinodermata |
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Term
| Describe the end formation of each germ layer |
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Definition
1. Ecto- external epithelium, nervous system
2. Meso- muscle, bones, cartilage, peritoneum, organs
3. Endo- lining of digestive system |
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Term
Describe the 3 mechanisms of development
1. Induction
2. Primary Organizer
3. Secondary Induction |
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Definition
1. cells in particular regions of developing embryo determine the developmental response of neighboring cells
2. region of dorsal lip of gastrula's blastopore responsible for primary induction event leading to complete embryo
3. one tissue induced to differentiate induces another tissue and so on |
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Term
| Describe the gene expression in development |
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Definition
Homeotic genes- specify the identity of specific body segments (ex. thorax)
Homeotic mutation- cause development of wrong structures in a given reason |
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Term
Describe the following terms of vertebrate development:
1. Amniotes
2. Amnion
3. Yolk Sac
4. Allantois
5. Chorion |
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Definition
1. Amniotes- grouping of reptiles, birds, mammals share an emniotic membrane (anything on land)
2. fluid filled; prevents drying; shock absorber
3. provides nourishment
4. stores waste
5. exchange gases with allantois |
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Term
Describe the 3 taxonomic groups
1. Monophyletic
2. Paraphyletic
3. Polyphletic |
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Definition
1. contains all descendants of the most recent common ancestor
2. contains some but not all descendants of the most recent common ancestor
3. includes more than one lineage or evolutionary line |
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Term
Describe the following terms:
1. Taxonomy
2. Phylogeny |
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Definition
1. science of naming
2. the claimed evolutionary history of a taxon, usually a tree |
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Term
Describe the different subdivisions of zoology
1. ornithology
2. icthyology
3. herpatology
4. entomology |
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Definition
1. birds
2. fish
3. reptiles and amphibs
4. insects |
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Term
Describe the following terms:
1. Metamerism
2. Cephalization |
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Definition
1. segmentation
2. presence of a head |
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Term
| Describe Pseudocoelomates |
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Definition
-gut surrounded by a second cavity but no mesoderm
Advantages:
-more space for internal complexity
-greater surface area to support viscera
-flexibility
-hydrostatic support |
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Term
Describe Phylum Nematoda
1. Habitat
2. Diet |
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Definition
-freshwater, marine, soil
-carnivores, saprophyte (dead material), plant juices, parasites |
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Term
| Describe the support system of Roundworms |
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Definition
1. nonliving elastic, tough, cuticle
2. only longitudinal muscles, not circular
3. fluid filled coelom= hydrostatic skeleton
a. muscle contraction bends the cuticle on one side
b. force is transmitted by body fluid, stretching cuticle on other side
c. muscle on first side relaxes, elastic cuticle on opposite side no flexes back to original position |
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Term
| Describe the life cycle of the human large roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) |
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Definition
1. eggs shed with feces
2. ingested via plants, soil
3. juveniles burrow from from intestine to circulatory system
4. carried to lungs, mature
5. move up bronchi and trachae, swallowed to intestine
Symptoms: abdominal pain, intestinal blockage
Control: cook and clean plants, wash hands |
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Term
| Describe the life cycle of Hookworms (Necator americanus) |
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Definition
1. eggs pass in feces, hatch, feed on soil bacteria
2. penetrate skin to blood then lungs
3. mature and move to intestine via throat
4. suck blood inside intestine
Symptoms: anemia, fatigue, can cause retardation in children
Control: wear shoes |
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Term
| Describe the life cycle of Pinworms |
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Definition
1. adult females migrate from small intestine to anus and lay eggs
2. resultant itch produces scratching and reinfection
Symptoms: itching
Control: medicine |
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Term
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Definition
1. dog heartworm- juveniles in blood via mosquitos, adults in heart
2. elephantitis- swelling in lymph system |
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Term
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Definition
1. Most freshwater or marine, soil, ectoparasites
2. Ciliated mouth (corona): feeding and locomotion
3. Trunk "segmented"
4. Foot with toe anchors |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. Acoelomates
2. Pseudocoelomates
3. Eucoelomates |
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Definition
1. no body cavity, parenchyma instead= spongy mesoderm
2. gut surrounded by a second cavity but not lined with peritoneum/mesoderm
3. gut surrounded by second cavity with mesoderm |
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