Term
Describe the beliefs of the following Evolutionists:
1. Aristotle
2. Georges Cuvier
3. James Hutton
4. Charles Lyell
5. Thomas Malthus
6. Jean Baptiste Lamarck |
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Definition
1. world is perfect so there is no need for change
2. Catastrophism
3. Gradualism
4. Uniformitarianism-"present is the key to the past"
5. survival of the fittest
6. acquired characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
1. small scale genetic changes within species
2. over short time span
3. small number of traits
4. involves no new info |
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Term
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Definition
1. large scale genetic changes above species level
2. over long time spans
3. involves new structures, forms, and capabilities
4. requires new info |
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Term
| Describe the 3 Models of Change |
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Definition
1. Linnaean Law- every species was created by God and no evolution occurs
2. Creationist Orchard-God created basic kinds but they diversified through microevolution
3. Phylogenetic Tree-God uninvolved and micro/macro evolution created all taxa |
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Term
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Definition
-worked on HMS Beagle as naturalist for 5 year voyage
-found similar but different species in different locations
-found fossil species similar to modern day species
-found island species similar but different from mainland species |
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Term
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Definition
| published similar theory as Darwin called "On the Tendency of Varieties" |
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Term
| Describe Darwin's "The Origin of Species" |
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Definition
-lots of data on variability within species
-no data on speciation |
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Term
| Describe the 2 types of Population Variation |
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Definition
1. Environmentally induced
-caused by environment
-not heritable
-allows individual to adapt
ex. tree leaves, limpet shells, human height
2. Genetically based
-heritable and necessary for evolution to occur
ex. eye and hair color |
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Term
Describe the following terms:
1. Population
2. Gene pool
3. Evolution
4. Genetic equilibrium |
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Definition
1. group of individuals of the same species
2. all the genes in a population
3. change in gene/genotype frequency of a population over time
4.stability in gene/genotype frequency over time |
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Term
| Describe the conditions necessary for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
1. no mutations
2. no migration
3. no genetic drift
4. no assortative mating
5. no selection |
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Term
| Describe the following evolutionary agent: Mutation |
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Definition
-rates typically tiny and insignificant
-most mutations are harmful |
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Term
| Describe the following evolutionary agent: Migration/Gene Flow |
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Definition
-movement of alleles between populations
-can change the frequency of an allele in pop
-can bring new alleles
-gene flow will tend to blend pops together |
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Term
| Describe the following evolutionary agent: Genetic Drift |
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Definition
-random change in allele frequency
-small pops
-can result in decrease or loss of alleles
2 Main Causes
1. Bottleneck-pop temporarily experiences a small size
2. Founder Effect- few indiv colonize new location |
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Term
| Describe the following evolutionary agent: Assortative (non-random) Mating |
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Definition
-positive: mate more often than by chance with similar individuals
-negative: mate less often than by chance with different individuals |
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Term
| Describe the following evolutionary agent: Natural Selection |
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Definition
-some indiv possess characteristics that improve their survival
1. directional selection-allele frequency change occurs in one direction as one extreme is favored
2. stabilizing selection- extreme phenotypes are selected against; average is favored
3. disruptive selection-average is selected against; both extremes are favored |
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Term
| Describe Maintenance of Genetic Variation |
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Definition
1. Selection, drift etc can vary geographically favoring different alleles at different locations
2. Selection can vary over time, favoring one allele at one time and another allele another time
3. Selection can be frequency dependent and favor an allele when it becomes rare |
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Term
| Describe the Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
-group of potentially interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups
1. excludes asexually reproducing types
2. hybridization can make boundaries murky
3. cannot directly evaluate geographically isolated pops |
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Term
| Describe the 2 modes of change in Speciation |
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Definition
1. Anagenesis-change of lineage over time
*species change, not speciation
2. Cladogenesis-division of a species into two or more different species |
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Term
| What the following type of Speciation: Allopatric |
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Definition
-physical barrier separates pops preventing gene flow
-genetic divergence occurs (selection, drift) and causes reproductive isolation
-future reunion of pops will not result in significant gene flow
*most common in animals |
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Term
| What the following type of Speciation: Parapatric |
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Definition
-reproductive isolation develops between adjacent pops not geographically isolated
-gene flow is not initially interrupted
-selective environment can differ, leading to adaptive divergence
*much less common in plants and animals |
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Term
| What the following type of Speciation: Sympatric |
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Definition
-reproductive isolation develops within a continuous pop
-prevalent among plants by polyploidy
*uncommon in animals |
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Term
Describe the following terms:
1. Adaptive Radiation
2. Endemic Species |
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Definition
1. diversification of a single species into multiple species, each adapted to a different ecological niche
2. found in one restricted location and nowhere else |
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Term
| What are some Pre-zygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms? |
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Definition
1. Geographic
2. Temporal-same habitat but breed at different times
3. Behavioral-courtship rituals can prevent interbreeding
4. Mechanical-physical incompatibility prevents internal fertilization
5. chemical-sperm/egg interactions |
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Term
| What are some Post-zygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms? |
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Definition
1. Hybrid Inviability-do not survive to maturity
2. Hybrid sterility-no functional gametes
3. Reduced Hybrid fitness-fewer, less successful offspring |
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Term
| What are 3 factors promoting speciation? |
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Definition
1. Low dispersal
2. Short generation time
3. Rapid environmental change or diversity |
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Term
| What are the 3 outcomes of Hybrid Zones? |
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Definition
1. Fusion-two species become one
2. Divergence completed- two species with no hybridization
3. stable, narrow zone-two species with limited genetic change |
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Term
| What are the 4 main Eras? |
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Definition
1. Precambrian
2. Paleozoic
3. Mesozoic
4. Cenozoic |
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Term
| Describe the Cenozoic Period |
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Definition
-Quaternary
-Tertiary
*Age of Mammals
0-66 MYA |
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Term
| Describe the Mesozoic Period |
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Definition
-Cretaceous
-Jurassic
-Triassic
*Age of Reptiles
66-245 MYA |
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Term
| Describe the Paleozoic Period |
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Definition
-Permian
-PA
-MS
*Age of Amphibians 245-360 MYA
-Devonian
-Silurian
*Age of FIshes 360-438 MYA
-Ordovician
-Cambrian
*Age of Invertebrates 438-570 MY |
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Term
| Describe the development of the atmosphere? |
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Definition
1. photolysis by bacteria
2. photosynthesis by cyanobacteria
3. high 02 levels open way for eukaryotic life |
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Term
| What are 3 ways continental drift occurs? |
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Definition
1. upwelling – rising magma creates oceanic ridges, forces plates apart/spreading
2. subduction – one plate being pushed under another melts; the new magma rises = volcanism
3. lateral rubbing – plates sliding past one another stick, jerk apart = earthquakes |
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Term
| Describe how the continents were linked |
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Definition
1. Pangea- Permian 225 MYA
2. Laurasia/Gondwanaland- Triassic 200 MYA
3. Jurassic 135 MYA
4. Cretaceous 65 MYA |
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Term
| Why was Darwin's Theory accepted? |
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Definition
1. political and social conservatism (order, harmony, continuity)
2. inevitability of progress – Victorian belief
3. economies- survival of the fittest
4. other sciences developed theories without supernatural intervention |
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