Term
| Describe Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
-Glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O
-(ΔG = -686 kcal/mole)
-highly Exergonic |
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Term
| Where are all the glycolytic enzymes located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the 1st half of glycolysis? |
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Definition
-Energy Invested: 2 ATP are added to Glucose converting it to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
-F 1,6 bisPO4 is then split into two molecules of G3P |
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Term
| Describe the 2nd half of glycolysis? |
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Definition
-Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate→ 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH
+ 2 ATP (net) |
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Term
|
Definition
-accepts additional electrons (reduced) plus a proton
-passed electrons to ETC |
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Term
| What is the end product and energy yield of glycolysis? |
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Definition
End product: 2 Pyruvate/glucose
Energy Yield: Net 2 ATP via Substrate-level Phosphorylation and 2 NADH
Glucose
↓
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
↓
2 Pyruvate
+ 2 ATP (net)
+ 2 NADH |
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Term
| What controls glycolysis? |
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Definition
-phosphofructokinase
-feedback inhibition |
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Term
| What are the possible fates of pyruvate? |
|
Definition
Aerobic Respiration: Complete Oxidation to Carbon Dioxide and Water
Anaerobic Respiration: reduced by NADH to a waste product and discarded |
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Term
| Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA in what 3 reactions? |
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Definition
1. Decarboxylated - splitting off CO2
2. Oxidized- passing electrons to NAD+
3. The remaining compound (Acetate) is added to CoA |
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Term
| Where does the Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle take place? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the energy yield of the Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
-1 ATP via Substrate-level Phosphorylation
-3 more NADH
-1 FADH2 |
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Term
| How is the Krebs Cycle controlled? |
|
Definition
1. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex- inhibited by ATP and NADH
2. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)- Citrate could accumulate, but that inhibits Phosphofructokinase and Glycolysis |
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Term
| Where is the Respiratory Electron Transport Chain located? |
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Definition
| Cytochromes are located in inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Describe the Respiratory Electron Transport Chain. |
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Definition
1. NADH passes electrons NADH-Q Reductase and H+ are pumped out
2. NADH-Q passes electron to Cytochrome Q and electrons from FADH2 are accepted as well
3. Electrons are passed to Cytochrome c Reductase
4. Electrons are passed to Cytochrome c and H+ are pumped out
5. Electrons passed to Cytochrome oxidase
6. Electrons passed to Oxygen forming Water and H+ are pumped out |
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Term
| Describe the Electron Transport process |
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Definition
1. electrons flow down because each successive cytochrome has a greater electron affinity
2. electrons lose energy as they pass from NADH to oxygen |
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Term
| What is the Chemiosmotic Theory? |
|
Definition
-proteins pass electrons and pump H+ to the intermembrane space (thylakoid lumen in plants)
-H ions create chemical and electrical gradient (potential energy)
-H+ travel down ATP Synthase forming ATP |
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Term
| What is energy yield of aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
-32 ATP
-30 net because of active transport of pyruvate to mitochondria
-52.5% efficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
-NADH oxidized to NAD+
-Pyruvate is converted to lactate
-2 ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
-NADH oxidized to NAD+
-Pyruvate decarboxylated to Acetaldehyde then reduced to ethanol
-2 ATP |
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Term
Describe the Respiration process for the following organic molecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipds |
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Definition
1. starch and glycogen broken into glucose; fructose converted to G3P; lactase converted to galactose which is converted to G1P
2. digested into amino acids and deaminated into organic acids that are intermediates of Krebs Cycle
3. Glycerol goes into glycolysis and fatty acids are split into acetyl groups which enter Krebs Cycle
*Lipids yield 2x the energy as Carbs and Proteins |
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Term
| Briefly describe light and wavelengths |
|
Definition
-particles called photons
-visible light is 400-700 nm
-inverse relationship between wavelength and energy |
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Term
| Describe the structure of Chlorophyll |
|
Definition
-hydrocarbon tail inserts itself into thylakoid membrane
-head has alternating single and double bonds making it easy to pick up and give off extra electrons |
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Term
| What are the numbers associated with the photosystems? |
|
Definition
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Term
| How do water and CO2 enter the plant? |
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Definition
Water: through the roots and travel up xylem
CO2: through stomata underneath leaves
*Diffusion |
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Term
| What is the overall reaction for Noncyclic Photophosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Water + Light → NADPH + Oxygen + ATP |
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Term
| What are the steps for Noncyclic photophosphorylation? |
|
Definition
1. Light hits PI and energy is transferred to electron
-Electrons passed to Feridoxin then NADP Reductase then to NADP reducing it to NADPH
2. Light hits PII and energy is transferred to electron
-electrons passed to redox chain then to PI
*water is split generating oxygen gas and the electrons are passed through PII and ET chain |
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Term
| What are the major products of Light Dependent Reactions? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the products of Cyclic Photophosphorylation? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the steps of the Light Independent Reactions (Calvin/C3 Cycle)? |
|
Definition
1. CO2 is added to Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP) to yield 2 molecules of 3PG
2. 3PG reduces to G3P using NADPH and ATP
3. RuBP is regenerated using G3P
*for every 6 CO2 1 Glucose is produced |
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Term
| Describe Photorespiration |
|
Definition
-in absence of CO2 oxygen is added to RuBP
-no ATP is produced and energy is only consumed instead of stored
-hot, dry, still conditions |
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Term
| Describe cell division in Prokaryotes |
|
Definition
-Fission
-chromosomes are circular strand
-ori site (begins) and ter site (ends) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe Histone and Nonhistone proteins |
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Definition
Histone 1: connects DNA to nucleosome core and connects adjacent cores
Nonhistones: control individual genes by binding or dissociating |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Chromosomes consist of 1 or 2 chromatids
2. Sister chromatids are genetically identical
3. Centromere: visible constricted region, area where microtubules attach during cell division |
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Term
|
Definition
G1: protein synthesis, organelles replicate and cell size doubles
S: DNA replicates
G2: protein synthesis, materials produced needed for division (tubulin for microtubules) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. Condensation of chromosomes
2. Dispersion of nucleolus
3. Disintegration of nuclear membrane into vesicles
4. Centrosomes separate and move to opposite ends
5. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spindle fibers moved chromosomes to metaphase plate |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Separation of chromatids to opposite poles
2. Separase degrades proteins holding sister chromatids |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Cytokinesis using microfilaments
2. Reversal of prophase
-in animal cells, cell pinches via actin and myosin
-in plant cells, vesicles are pulled down and they fuse to form new membrane |
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Term
| What controls the mitotic cycle? |
|
Definition
-Cyclin dependent Kinases (Cdk) are activated by binding to cyclin
-different cyclins are produced in different stages of cell cycle
-they activate different Cdks which allow cell to pass to next stage of interphase |
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Term
|
Definition
-nuclear membrane dissolves into vesicles
-nucleolus disappears
-centrosomes moves to opposite poles
-spindle fibers form
-synapsis occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
-homologous chromosomes pair up and form bivalents
-Chiasmata: exchange between non sister chromatids |
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Term
|
Definition
bivalents move to metaphase plate
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes are separated |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytokinesis forms 2 haploid cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| mitotic spindle forms connecting sister chromatids |
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Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up on metaphase plate |
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Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separated |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytokinesis forms 4 Haploid cells |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Describe the Life Cycles of the following kingdoms
1. Animalia
2. Fungi
3. Plantae |
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Definition
1. multicellular, adult diploids, meiosis
2. multicellular, adult haploids, mitosis
3. multicellular, alternation of generations, mitosis |
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Term
Describe the following Meiotic Errors
1. Nondisjunction
2. Aneuploidy
3. Polyploidy
4. Duplication
5. Deletion
6. Inversion
7. Translocation |
|
Definition
1. chromosomes do not separate
2. occurs when there are not two copies of a chromosome in a diploid cell
3. all chromosomes occur more than twice
4. occurs when a portion of a chromosome is duplicated and inserted
5. portion is removed
6. section is flip 180 degrees
7. moves section to another chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| initiates replication by denaturing DNA using ATP |
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Term
| Describe Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSB) |
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Definition
| coat single stranded DNA to keep it from renaturing |
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Term
| Describe DNA Polymerase III |
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Definition
-splits off last two high energy phosphates, polymerizing the nucleotide into the new DNA strand
Restrictions:
1. cannot start strands
2. cannot add new nucleotides to 5' end |
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Term
|
Definition
-replicated first 12-20 nucleotides with RNA
-created the primer strand on the leading strand |
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Term
| Describe Okazaki Fragments |
|
Definition
-Lagging Strand is built discontinuously in the 5' to 3' direction but overall in the 3' to 5' direction
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| connects Okazaki Fragments by closing last gap between ligaments |
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Term
| Describe DNA Polymerase I |
|
Definition
| follows replication fork, replacing primer strand and correcting errors |
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Term
|
Definition
-ends of chromosomes that prevent the ends from reattaching
-tehy may shorten over time; indicates aging |
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Term
|
Definition
-DNA Polymerase III has proofreading abilities
-DNA Polymerase I fills in missing gaps and it closed by DNA Ligase |
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