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BIOL 1407
Exam #4
43
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/21/2016

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Term
Characteristics:
1.Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
2.Nutrients are ingested non absorbed
3.Glucose sugar Is stored as glycogen in both muscle tissue and in liver (plants – starch)
a.Amylase enzyme breaks down starch and glycogen
4.Muscle and nerve tissue
5.Most groups have organ systems
6.Development includes cleavage, blastula and gastrula stages
7.Some life cycles include a larval stage which changes to an adult by metamorphosis-a.Usually looks nothing like adult (caterpillar example)
Definition
Kingdom Animalia (metazoan)
Characteristics
Term
a.Hydrostatic – pressure of body fluid (jelly fishes, worm)
b.Exoskeleton – hard outer covering the muscles can work against for movement
c.Endoskeleton – hard internal parts
Definition
Skeletons for support
Term
a.Symbiosis is an association between two organisms
b.Commensalism – one benefits, other is not harmed
c.Mutualism – both benefit
d.Parasitism – one benefits, one is harmed
Definition
Symbiotic relationships – association between animals → fungi and plants
Term
diplontic life cycle – dominate stage is diploid – gametes produced by meiosis
Definition
diplontic life cycle
Term
Spermatogenesis is meiotic process that produces sperm
Definition
Spermatogenesis
Term
Oogenesis – meiotic process that produces eggs
Definition
Oogenesis
Term
Kingdom Animalia (metazoan is divided into two sub-kingdoms:
i.Parazoa – lack true tissues (phylum Porifera) eusymetry
ii.Eumetazoa – have true tissues (all other phyla)
Definition
Kingdom Animalia (metazoan is divided into two sub-kingdoms:
Term
Eumetazoa •Radiata – animals with radial symmetry
•The sense organs are spread around the body. These animals are sessil or slow moving
•The Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) sides are present but no head or tail
Definition
Eumetazoa
Radiata
Term
all eumetazoans have bilateral symmetry except adult echinoderms
•Bilateral symmetry allows for cephalization or the concentration of sense organs in the head
•These animals have anterior (front) and posterior (rear) ends in addition to a top and bottom
•Animals with bilateral symmetry are adapted for movement
Triploblastic
Definition
Eumetazoa
TWO PHYLA: Cnidaria (Jelly fish ect.) and Ctenophora (combjellies)
Term
•the concentration of sense organs in the head
Definition
cephalization
Term
•Ectoderm – outer layer
•Endoderm – inner layer, lines the archenteron or primitive gut (endo – muscle tissue)
•Mesoderm – lies between the endoderm and ectoderm, forms muscles and many other tissues and organs
Definition
triploblastic
three germ layers appear
Term
After fertilization the zygote undergoes cleavage
•Cleavage – a series of rapid mitotic divisions with no growth during each cell cycle
•During cleavage the cell number increase, but the embryo does not increase in size
•Cleavage produces a ball of cells called blastula with a cavity called the blastocoel
Definition
After fertilization the zygote undergoes cleavage
Term
a series of rapid mitotic divisions with no growth during each cell cycle
Definition
Cleavage
Term
•During gastrulation, part of the blastula walls pushes inward (invagination)
•The result is the formation of the archenteron or primitive gut
•The opening of the archenteron is called the blastopore
•The gastrula has two germ layers (diploblastic) the outer ectoderm and the endoderm which is the lining of the archenteron
Definition
During gastrulation, part of the blastula walls pushes inward (invagination)
Term
•The mesoderm may then develop between the ectoderm and endoderm
•A coelom or body cavity may develop with the mesoderm
•Acoelomate – no body cavity
•Pseudocoelom – body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm
•True coelom – body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
•Animals with true coelom are called coelomates and have a peritoneum and mesenteries
Definition
•The mesoderm may then develop between the ectoderm and endoderm
Term
Acoelomate – no body cavity
Definition
Acoelomate
Term
Pseudocoelom – body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm
Definition
Pseudocoelom
Term
•True coelom – body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
•Animals with true coelom are called coelomates and have a peritoneum and mesenteries
Definition
True coelom
Term
Protostome characteristics: (mollusks, annelids, arthropods)
•The blastopore forms the mouth
•Cleavage is spiral and determinate
Definition
Protostome
Term
•Schizocoelous development of mesoderm and coelom
•Spiral - planes of division are NOT perpendicular or parallel to axis of embryo
•Determinate cleavage - what a cell will become in an adult IS determined during early stages of development
Definition
Protostome characteristics: (mollusks, annelids, arthropods)
Term
•The blastopore forms the anus (one end of digestive tube)
•Cleavage is radial and indeterminate
•Enterocoelous development of mesoderm and coelom
•Radial cleavage-plans of division are perpendicular or parallel to axis of embryo
•Indeterminate cleavage= what a cell will become in an adult, is not determined during early stages of development
Definition
Deuterostome characteristics: echinoderms, chordates) humans are deuterostomes
Term
•development of the egg without fertilization
Definition
Parthenogenesis
Term
a ring of ciliated tentacles for filter feeding
Definition
Lophophore
Term
excretory tubules with open ends
Definition
Metanephridia
Term
having true blood which only moves in vessels (worm)
Definition
Closed circulatory system
Term
having hemolymph that bathes the tissues and collects in a hemocoel before it goes back into the heart (clam – osteum hole in heart, cray fish)
Definition
Open circulatory system
Term
having body parts that repeat
Definition
Segmentation
Term
•Segmentation – having body parts that repeat
•Protostomes, arthopods, one group of molluscs (clade
Definition
Segmentation
Term
a ciliated top shaped larva found in marine mollusks and annelids
Definition
Trochophore larva
Term
organisms which are suspended in water and cannot swim against currents
Definition
Plankton
Term
Parasites attach a host
•Primary host – the sexual phase of the parasite occurs in this host
•Intermediate host – the asexual phase of the parasite occurs in this host or this host is in the food chain of primary host
Definition
Parasites attach a host
Term
the sexual phase of the parasite occurs in this host
Definition
Parasites Primary host
Term
the asexual phase of the parasite occurs in this host or this host is in the food chain of primary host
Definition
Parasites Intermediate host
Term
1.The digestive system of the parasite is reduced and the reproductive system is highly developed
2.The parasite has hooks and suckers – to latch onto humans
3.The parasite has adaptations for coping with the digestive system and immune system of the host
4.The parasite is adapted to one specific host (host specific, evolutionary time to get around defenses of a specific host)
5.The parasite has a complex life cycle involving intermediate hosts
Definition
Endoparasites (live in the host)
Term
1.These parasites have piercing and anchoring devices
2.These parasites produce large number of eggs
3.These parasites vector other parasites
Definition
Ectoparasites (live on the surface of the host) – ticks, fleas, lyse, deer tick Lyme disease.
Term
1.These parasites trick other animals into caring for the young of the parasite (cowbird chick with other native birds, some recognize and some don’t)
2.All types of parasites tend to preserve the host for as long as possible
Definition
Reproductive Parasites
Term
the study of insects
Definition
Entomology
Term
a.The exoskeleton provides support, protection movement and strength
b.The exoskeleton of all arthropods is composed of chitin and protein and must be shed by molting as the animal grows
c.Sensory antennae and compound eye for detecting stimuli
d.Wings have evolved without the loss of other appendages
e.Tracheal branching tubes for gas exchange in dry environment
Definition
The insects are one of the most successful groups of animals for the following reasons:
Term
i.Every cell in queen body is diploid – fertile female
ii.Worker is also diploid – infertile female comes from fertilized egg
iii.Drone is haploid – fertile male – comes from unfertilized egg, haploid, mitosis produces haploid sperm cells (parthenogenesis)
1.Reproduction takes a lot of energy for the Queen. Queen and drone mate and workers feed larvae and queen. Exaptation = stinger. When you eat honey, it’s really bee spit. Why don’t you refrigerate honey? Sugar concentration in honey is so high that no bacterial or fungi cannot live.
Definition
Complex social behavior provides for division of labor to save energy
Term
a.Metamorphosis allows for a dormant stage to survive harsh conditions
b.Complete metamorphosis: egg, larva (feeding-energy from environment), pupa (dormant), adult
c.Incomplete metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adult
Definition
Metamorphosis
Term
Collar cells – choanocytes
Definition
Collar cells – choanocytes
Term
Water vascular system – star fish
Definition
Water vascular system – star fish
Term
Closed circulatory and segmentation – annelids
Definition
Closed circulatory and segmentation – annelids
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