Term
| Kingdom Plantae Characteristics |
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Definition
1. Eukaryotic
2. Multicellular
3. Photoautotrophs
4. Diplohaplontic life cycle
5. Cellulose cell walls
6. Glucose stored as starch
7. Tissues and organs(roots, stems, leaves)
8. No organ systems
9.Sybiotic relationships with fungi and animals
10. adaptations to dry land even desserts.
11. Alternation of generations life cycle. |
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Term
| Alternation of generations life cycle |
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Definition
| In Plants gametes are formed by mitosis not meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
1. protective covering(waxy cuticle)
2. Specialized openings like stomata for gas and water echange.
3. vascular tissue for transport and support
4.Sporophyte domination
5.embryophyte-zygote is retained in tissues of parent.
6.Heterosporous- leads to seeds
7.meristems- growth throughout life
8.sporopollenin-allows spores to resist harsh conditions
9.lignin hardens cell walls- woody
10.Fossils-plants on land 550mya
11.NON-flagellated sperm- pollen |
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Term
| Bryophytes- Mosses liverWarts hornWarts |
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Definition
Nonvascular
No lignin
Gametophyte is dominant
NO roots, stems or leaves
Homosporous
Require moisture for Reproduction
Resistant to dry and cold
sensitive to pollution |
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Term
| Pteridophytes- Ferns club |
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Definition
Seedless Vascular plants
Xylem has lignified cell walls
Sporophyte is dominant and separate
True roots stems leaves
Formed coal forest
Rhizome-horizontal undergournd stem
homosporous |
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Term
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Definition
1. The sporophyte embryo
2. Food Supply
3. Protective Coat |
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Term
| Seed plants are Heterosporous |
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Definition
Microspore produce the male Gametophyte Pollen
Megaspore produce the female Gametophyte Egg |
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Term
| Seed plants are the most successful plants because |
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Definition
1.the seed it how its dispersed
2.Gametophyte is microscopic and develops in the body of Sporophyte
3.Development of pollen allowed fertilization without water.
4.Seed plants have Vascular tissue with lignified xylem. |
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Term
| 2 major groups of seed plants |
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Definition
Gymnosperms- bare or naked seed plants
Angiosperms- flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
Conifers-Monoecious
Ginkos, Cycads, Gnetophytes(ephedra) -Dioecious |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| male plants and female plants on different plants |
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Term
| Gymnosperms bare or naked seed plants |
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Definition
| the developing seeds are not enclosed by an ovary (naked) |
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Term
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Definition
| seeds develop on modified leaves called sporophylls which form a strobulus or cone |
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Term
| Sporophylls a leaf that is modified for reproduction is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Gymnosperms were the dominant land plants of the Mesozoic era which began about 245 million years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| Wood id secondary wylem tissue produce in plants that live more than one year |
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Definition
| All gymnosperms are woody |
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Term
| Cycads only seed plant that have flagellated sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| Flowering plants in which the developing seeds are enclosed by an ovary. |
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Definition
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Term
| The flower is the reproductive structure composed of modified leaves. |
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Definition
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Term
| Angiosperms have both Dioecious (both male and female different plants) and Monoecious (both sexes same plant)species |
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Definition
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Term
| Angiosperms coevolved and produced an interdependence between flowering plants and animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Xylem composed of vessels, tracheids and fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| All flowering plants belong to phylum Anthophyta |
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Definition
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Term
| Female Gametophyte in flowering plants is embryo sac |
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Definition
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Term
Monocots-
parallel veination in leaves- grasses
flower parts in multiples of 3 |
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Definition
Monocots-
parallel veination in leaves- grasses
flower parts in multiples of 3 |
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Term
Dicots-
net veination in leaves
flowering parts in multiple of 4 or 5 |
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Definition
Dicots-
net veination in leaves
flowering parts in multiple of 4 or 5 |
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Term
| the plant body has 2 main systems |
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Definition
1.Root system is below ground and lacks photosynthetic tissues
2.Shoot system is above ground and Has photosynthetic tissues. |
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Term
Root Functions
1.Anchor the plant
2.Absorb water and minerals
3.Conduct water and minerals
4.Stor the products of photosynthesis |
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Definition
Root Functions
1.Anchor the plant
2.Absorb water and minerals
3.Conduct water and minerals
4.Stor the products of photosynthesis |
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Term
| Taproot system- consists of 1 large vertical root that produces many lateral roots, -trees have taproot system - mostly Dicots |
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Definition
Taproot System - Dicots - Trees-
consists of 1 large vertical root that produces many lateral roots, -trees have taproot system - mostly Dicots |
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Term
| Fiberous system- consists of a mat of threadlike roots that spread out below the soil surface- grasses - monocots |
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Definition
Fiberous System- Monocots- Grasses-
consists of a mat of threadlike roots that spread out below the soil surface- grasses - monocots |
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Term
| Adventitous roots-arise from above ground structures |
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Definition
| Adventitous roots - cuttings(verbena) |
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Term
| Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| The Shoot system contains stems, leaves and flowers |
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Definition
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Term
Stem support leaves and may contain photosynthetic tissue
Stem is main organ for growth
Stem is main organ for transport |
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Definition
Stem support leaves and may contain photosynthetic tissue
Stem is main organ for growth
Stem is main organ for transport |
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Term
| Node, internode, axillary bud, and terminal bud |
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Definition
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Term
| Meristem- zones of cell division in plants that generate growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Node- is where branches arise on stem |
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Definition
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Term
| Internode- is space between nodes |
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Definition
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Term
| Axillary buds- produce branches at buds |
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Definition
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Term
| Terminal buds- increase length of shoot, found at shoot tip. Growth occurs first at shoot tip. |
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Definition
| Terminal buds- increase length of shoot, found at shoot tip. Growth occurs first at shoot tip. |
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Term
| Apical dominance- the presence of the terminal bud inhibits the growth of axillary buds. |
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Definition
| Apical dominance- the presence of the terminal bud inhibits the growth of axillary buds. |
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Term
| Auxion- plant hormone that controls growth |
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Definition
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Term
Modified Stems
Stolons-horizontal above ground stem
Rhizomes-horizontal underground stem
Tuber-modified Rhizome- white potato
Bulbs-undergr vert shoots fleshy leaves - onion
Corm-undergr vert shoots paperly leaves - garlic |
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Definition
Modified Stems
Stolons-horizontal above ground stem
Rhizomes-horizontal underground stem
Tuber-modified Rhizome- white potato
Bulbs-undergr vert shoots fleshy leaves - onion
Corm-undergr vert shoots paperly leaves - garlic |
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Term
Leaves
main organ of photosynthesis
Vascular tissue organized into veins
Microphylls-most primitive-1 strand
Megaphylls-more advanced-multiple strands |
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Definition
Leaves
main organ of photosynthesis
Vascular tissue organized into veins
Microphylls-most primitive-1 strand
Megaphylls-more advanced-multiple strands |
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Term
The Plant Cell
Plant cell contains a living protoplast surrounded by a nonliving cell wall composed of cellulose, lignin. |
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Definition
The Plant Cell
Plant cell contains a living protoplast surrounded by a nonliving cell wall composed of cellulose, lignin. |
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Term
| The living protoplast contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis, the nucleus, a large central vacuole and various organells. |
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Definition
| The living protoplast contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis, the nucleus, a large central vacuole and various organells. |
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Term
| A living plasma membrane separate the protoplast from the nonliving cell wall. |
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Definition
| A living plasma membrane separate the protoplast from the nonliving cell wall. |
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Term
The first cell wall that is formed is called the primary wall which is Thin and flexible and allows for cellular growth.
Secondary walls are thicker and more rigged and forms to the inside of the primary walls |
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Definition
The first cell wall that is formed is called the primary wall which is Thin and flexible and allows for cellular growth.
Secondary walls are thicker and more rigged and forms to the inside of the primary walls |
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Term
Adjacent plant cells are held together by a sticky middle lamella- Pectins
Gaps between plant cells called plasmadesmota allow communication between plant cells. |
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Definition
Adjacent plant cells are held together by a sticky middle lamella- Pectins
Gaps between plant cells called plasmadesmota allow communication between plant cells. |
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Term
Paracheyma Cells
Least specialized
Most lack secondary cell walls
Perform most of Metabolic fucntions like photosyn and storage
Retain ability to divide and differenciate- become specialized and do specific function |
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Definition
Paracheyma Cells
Least specialized
Most lack secondary cell walls
Perform most of Metabolic fucntions like photosyn and storage
Retain ability to divide and differenciate- become specialized and do specific function |
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Term
Collenchyma Cells
Thick primary walls but No second wall
Support younger parts of the plant without restraining growth.
Living at maturity |
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Definition
Collenchyma Cells
Thick primary walls but No second wall
Support younger parts of the plant without restraining growth.
Living at maturity |
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Term
Selerenchyma Cells
Thick second walls strengthened by lignin
Occurs in regions of plant that stopped growing in length.
Dead at maturity |
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Definition
Selerenchyma Cells
Thick second walls strengthened by lignin
Occurs in regions of plant that stopped growing in length.
Dead at maturity |
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Term
Vessel and Tracheids
water conducting elements or xylem
Rigid 2nd walls and dead
Pits allow sideways movement of water. Pits are where no 2nd walls. |
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Definition
Vessel and Tracheids
water conducting elements or xylem
Rigid 2nd walls and dead
Pits allow sideways movement of water. Pits are where no 2nd walls. |
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Term
Phloem cells- living
Sucrose trans in Phloem by sieve tubes
End walls have pores called sieve plate
Sieve tube cells come in pairs with only 1 having a nucleus |
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Definition
Phloem cells- living
Sucrose trans in Phloem by sieve tubes
End walls have pores called sieve plate
Sieve tube cells come in pairs with only 1 having a nucleus |
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Term
| Shells of Nuts and Rope are made of Sclerenchyma cells |
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Definition
| Shells of Nuts and Rope are made of Sclerenchyma cells |
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Term
| Iron wood, Oak or hard wood has vessels, tracheids and Sclerenchyma |
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Definition
| Iron wood, Oak or hard wood has vessels, tracheids and Sclerenchyma |
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Term
| Pine is all tracheids - wood for housing because its soft wood |
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Definition
| Pine is all tracheids - wood for housing because its soft wood |
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Term
water Only moves from root to leaves in Xylem ^
Sucrose can move up or down depending on time of year in Phloem |
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Definition
water Only moves from root to leaves in Xylem ^
Sucrose can move up or down depending on time of year in Phloem |
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Term
3 Tissue Systems-
1.Dermal Tissue System(epidermis)-a single layer of cells that cover and protects all young parts of a plant.
Root hairs and waxy cuticle of leaves. Trichomes- Hairs at surface of plant for defense and reflect light
Guard Cells- are dermal
2.Vascular Tissue System- Xylem Phloem
3.Ground Tissue System-fills space between dermal and vascular and contains Parac , Collenc and sclerech |
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Definition
3 Tissue Systems-
1.Dermal Tissue System(epidermis)-a single layer of cells that cover and protects all young parts of a plant.
Root hairs and waxy cuticle of leaves. Trichomes- Hairs at surface of plant for defense and reflect light
Guard Cells- are dermal
2.Vascular Tissue System- Xylem Phloem
3.Ground Tissue System-fills space between dermal and vascular and contains Parac , Collenc and sclerech |
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Term
| Plants have indeterminate growth- they grow as long as they live. |
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Definition
| Plants have indeterminate growth- they grow as long as they live. |
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Term
Annuals-
Plants that complete their life cycle in one year. (Germination, growth, flowering, seed, death) |
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Definition
Annuals-
Plants that complete their life cycle in one year. (Germination, growth, flowering, seed, death) |
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Term
Biennials-
Complete their life cycle in 2 years |
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Definition
Biennials-
Complete their life cycle in 2 years |
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Term
Perennials-
live many years |
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Definition
Perennials-
live many years |
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Term
| Meristems are embryonic tissues in plants which constantly generate new cells by mitotic cell division. |
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Definition
| Meristems are embryonic tissues in plants which constantly generate new cells by mitotic cell division. |
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Term
Primary growth causes the plant body to lengthen and elongate.
Apical meristem located in the tips of roots and in buds of shoots are responsible for primary growth. |
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Definition
Primary growth causes the plant body to lengthen and elongate.
Apical meristem located in the tips of roots and in buds of shoots are responsible for primary growth. |
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Term
Secondary growth causes a thickening of the plant body.
Lateral meristem is responsible for secondary growth.
Vascular cambium-ex of lateral meristem |
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Definition
Secondary growth causes a thickening of the plant body.
Lateral meristem is responsible for secondary growth.
Vascular cambium-ex of lateral meristem |
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Term
Wood is Secondary Xylem
woody plants have both primary and secondary growth. |
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Definition
Wood is Secondary Xylem
woody plants have both primary and secondary growth. |
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Term
| Herbacious(non woody)plants have only primary growth. |
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Definition
| Herbacious(non woody)plants have only primary growth. |
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Term
the plane of cell division is determined by a band of microtubules in cell division.
The orientation of expansion is determined by orientation of cellulose microtubules in cell wall. |
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Definition
the plane of cell division is determined by a band of microtubules in cell division.
The orientation of expansion is determined by orientation of cellulose microtubules in cell wall. |
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Term
Transport occurs on these levels:
1.Cellular- move into and out of cell
2.Short Distance- move from cell to cell in tissue organs.
3.Long Distance-move of Sap in Xylem and Phloem |
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Definition
Transport occurs on these levels:
1.Cellular- move into and out of cell
2.Short Distance- move from cell to cell in tissue organs.
3.Long Distance-move of Sap in Xylem and Phloem |
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Term
Cellular Transport-
Passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport |
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Definition
Cellular Transport-
Passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport |
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Term
| The proton pump moves Hydrogen ion H+ out of cells by active transport. The pumping of H+ out of cells produces an electrochemical gradient which stores energy for transport other substances |
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Definition
| The proton pump moves Hydrogen ion H+ out of cells by active transport. The pumping of H+ out of cells produces an electrochemical gradient which stores energy for transport other substances |
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Term
| CoTransport- a transport protein couples the downhill movement of one substance to the uphill of another. |
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Definition
| CoTransport- a transport protein couples the downhill movement of one substance to the uphill of another. |
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Term
| Chemiosmosis-use of proton gradient to link energy releasing process to energy consuming process in cells. |
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Definition
| Chemiosmosis-use of proton gradient to link energy releasing process to energy consuming process in cells. |
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Term
| Water potential uses the combined effects of solute concentration and pressure to determine the direction of water movement. |
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Definition
| Water potential uses the combined effects of solute concentration and pressure to determine the direction of water movement. |
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Term
Increasing the solute concentration lowers the water potential.
Increasing the pressure on a solution increases the water potential |
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Definition
Increasing the solute concentration lowers the water potential.
Increasing the pressure on a solution increases the water potential |
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Term
Short Distance Transport- AKA Lateral transport-
1.cell to cell across cell walls and plasma membrane- slowest
2.Through symplast in which continuous stream of cytoplasm passes by plasmadesmota- middle speed
3.Appoplast which is the extracellular route along cell walls- fastest |
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Definition
Short Distance Transport- AKA Lateral transport-
1.cell to cell across cell walls and plasma membrane- slowest
2.Through symplast in which continuous stream of cytoplasm passes by plasmadesmota- middle speed
3.Appoplast which is the extracellular route along cell walls- fastest |
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Term
| Long Distance Transport- transport from roots to leaves or leaves to root accomplished by bulk flow in which the fluid is driven by pressure difference. |
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Definition
| Long Distance Transport- transport from roots to leaves or leaves to root accomplished by bulk flow in which the fluid is driven by pressure difference. |
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Term
Long Distance Transport 4 types:
1.Ascent of Xylem Sap- root pressure
2.Transpirational Pull- suction from leaves.
3.Cohesion- water to water
4.Adhesion- water to wall |
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Definition
Long Distance Transport 4 types:
1.Ascent of Xylem Sap- root pressure
2.Transpirational Pull- suction from leaves.
3.Cohesion- water to water
4.Adhesion- water to wall |
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Term
| Ascent of Xylem Sap- root pressure- the accumulation of dissolved minerals in the stele lowers its water potential. As water moves into the stele, pressure increases that forces water up into the xylem. This water and dissolved minerals is the Xylem Sap |
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Definition
| Ascent of Xylem Sap- root pressure- the accumulation of dissolved minerals in the stele lowers its water potential. As water moves into the stele, pressure increases that forces water up into the xylem. This water and dissolved minerals is the Xylem Sap |
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Term
| Transpirational Pull- Major mechanism driving the ascent of Sap. Transpiration is the loss of water from the leaves through stomata. The Sun provides the energy for transpiration. Transpir creates neg pressure on water in the air spaces of leaf. This neg pressure pulls on the water in the mesophyll cells. |
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Definition
| Transpirational Pull- Major mechanism driving the ascent of Sap. Transpiration is the loss of water from the leaves through stomata. The Sun provides the energy for transpiration. Transpir creates neg pressure on water in the air spaces of leaf. This neg pressure pulls on the water in the mesophyll cells. |
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Term
| Cohesion- between water molecules create a pull on water in the Xylem. |
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Definition
| Cohesion- between water molecules create a pull on water in the Xylem. |
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Term
| Adhesion- of water molecules to the hydrophobic walls of the xylem operates with the other forces to oppose gravity. |
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Definition
| Adhesion- of water molecules to the hydrophobic walls of the xylem operates with the other forces to oppose gravity. |
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Term
| Translocation- the transport of food (organic compounds) occurs in the Phloem. |
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Definition
| Translocation- the transport of food (organic compounds) occurs in the Phloem. |
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Term
| The sieve tube cells of the phloem function in translocation. The major solute in the phloem sap is sucrose. |
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Definition
| The sieve tube cells of the phloem function in translocation. The major solute in the phloem sap is sucrose. |
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Term
| A sugar source is an organ in which sugar is produced by photosynthesis or starch hydrolysis. |
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Definition
| A sugar source is an organ in which sugar is produced by photosynthesis or starch hydrolysis. |
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Term
| A sugar sink is an organ that consumes or stores sugars by cellular respiration or starch synthesis. |
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Definition
| A sugar sink is an organ that consumes or stores sugars by cellular respiration or starch synthesis. |
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Term
| Sieve tubes transport food from sugar source to sugar sink. Active transport may be involved in loading sugar into sieve tubes. |
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Definition
| Sieve tubes transport food from sugar source to sugar sink. Active transport may be involved in loading sugar into sieve tubes. |
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Term
| Proton pumps produce an electrochemical grad for the cotrans of sucrose into the sieve tube cells. Loading sucrose into sieve tube near a sugar source lowers water potential resulting in water absorption. The high water pressure induced in sieve tub near sugar source drives the phloem sap to a sugar sink by bulk flow |
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Definition
| Proton pumps produce an electrochemical grad for the cotrans of sucrose into the sieve tube cells. Loading sucrose into sieve tube near a sugar source lowers water potential resulting in water absorption. The high water pressure induced in sieve tub near sugar source drives the phloem sap to a sugar sink by bulk flow |
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Term
| Green algae of the Charophycean group are likely ancestors of plants |
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Definition
| Green algae of the Charophycean group are likely ancestors of plants |
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