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| molecules based on carbon |
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| molecules without carbon atoms in the structure. (CO2 is still inorganic) |
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| molecules consisting of carbon linked only to hydrogen |
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| the atoms in reactive groups |
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| Group consisting of an oxygen atom linked to a hydrogen atom on one side and to a carbon chain on the other side. |
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| A molecule of the form R–OH in which R is a chain of one or more carbon atoms, each of which is linked to hydrogen atoms. |
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| The reactive part of aldehydes and ketones, consisting of an oxygen atom linked to a carbon atom by a double bond. |
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| Molecule in which the carbonyl group is linked to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain, along with a hydrogen atom. |
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| Molecule in which the carbonyl group is linked to a carbon atom in the interior of a carbon chain. |
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| The characteristic functional group of organic acids, formed by the combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. |
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| Acid for which the characteristic functional group is a carboxyl group (–COOH). |
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| Group that acts as an organic base, consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded on one side to two hydrogen atoms and on the other side to a carbon chain. |
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| Group consisting of a central phosphorus atom held in four linkages: two that bind –OH groups to the central phosphorus atom, a third that binds an oxygen atom to the central phosphorus atom, and a fourth that links the phosphate group to an oxygen atom. |
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| Group that works as a molecular fastener, consisting of a sulfur atom linked on one side to a hydrogen atom and on the other side to a carbon chain. |
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| Linkage that occurs when two sulfhydryl groups interact during a linking reaction. |
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| Two or more molecules with the same chemical formula but different molecular structures. |
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| Isomers that are mirror images of each other. Also referred to as optical isomers. |
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| Two molecules with the same chemical formula but atoms that are arranged in different ways. |
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Term
| dehydration synthesis reaction |
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Definition
| Reaction during which the components of a water molecule are removed, usually as part of the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller subunits. |
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| Reaction in which the components of a water molecule are added to functional groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits. |
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| Energy-providing carbohydrates stored in plant cells. |
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| Energy-providing carbohydrates stored in animal cells. |
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| One of the primary constituents of plant cell walls, formed by chains of carbohydrate subunits. |
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| The smallest carbohydrates, containing three to seven carbon atoms. |
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| Chain with more than 10 linked monosaccharide subunits. |
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Energy-storing molecule consisting of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains.
oils
fats |
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| One of two components of a neutral lipid, containing a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group linked at one end. |
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| Fatty acid with only single bonds linking the carbon atoms. |
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| Fatty acid with one or more double bonds linking the carbons. |
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| Fatty acids with one double bond. |
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| Fatty acid with more than one double bond. |
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| A nonpolar compound produced when a fatty acid binds by a dehydration synthesis reaction at each of glycerol's three –OH-bearing sites. |
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| A type of lipid derived from cholesterol. |
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| Steroid with a single polar –OH group linked to one end of the ring framework and a complex, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain at the other end. |
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| The predominant sterol of animal cell membranes. |
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| A sterol that occurs in plant cell membranes. |
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| Protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction. |
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| A molecule that contains both an amino and a carboxyl group. |
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| A link formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction between the –NH2 group of one amino acid and the –COOH group of a second. |
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| The chain of amino acids formed by sequential peptide bonds. |
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| The sequence of amino acids in a protein. |
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| Regions of alpha helix, beta strand, or random coil in a polypeptide chain. |
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| The overall three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain. |
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| The arrangement of polypeptide chains in a protein that contains more than one chain. |
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