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| in __ __ nucleotide sequences from teo different sources, often two species, are combined in vitro into teh same DNA molecule |
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| the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
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| the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products |
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| an example of dna tech, a measurement of gene expression of thousands of different genes |
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| small circular dna molecuels that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome |
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| involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene |
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| cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequenes |
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| where do restriction enzymes cut dna? |
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| results of restriction enzyme cuts |
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| when enzymes cut dna in a staggared way, they produce sticky ends. sitcky ends bond with coplementary sticky ends of other fragments |
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| enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments |
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| original plasmid in gene cloning. a dna molecule tha tcan carry foreign dna into a host cell and replicate there |
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| steps required to clone the humming bird (beta)-globin gene in a bacterial plasmid |
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Definition
- the hummingbird genomic dna and a bacterial plasmid are isolated
- both are digested with the same restriction enzyme
- the fragments are mixed, and dna ligase is added to bond the fragment sticky ends
- some recombinant plasmid now contain hummingbird dna
- the dna mixture is added to bacteria that have been genetically engineered to accept
- the bateria are plated on a type of agar that selects for bacteria wtih recombinant plamids
- this reults in the cloning of many hummingbird dna fragments, including the (beta) globin gene
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Definition
| a set of cell clones containing all the dna segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, phage or other cloning vector |
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| Bacterial artificial chromosome |
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Definition
| BAC is a large plasmid that has been trimmed down and can carry a large dna insert. they are another type of vector used in dna library construction |
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Definition
| made by cloning dna made in vitro by reverse transcription of all the mRNA produced by a particular cell |
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| represnets only part of the genome only the subset of genes transcribed into mRNA in the original cells |
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| in dna technology a single stranded nuclueic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. molecules of a probe hydrogen bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; readioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected |
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Term
| nucleic acid hybridization |
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Definition
| the process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule |
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| yeast artificial chromosomes |
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Definition
| a cloning vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome (an origin for dna replication, a sentromere, and two telomeres) with foreign dna |
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Definition
| a method of introducing recombinant dna into eukaryotic cells that applies a brief electrical pulse to create temporary hole in plasma membranes |
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| polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
| pcr can produce many copies of a specific target segment of dna |
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Term
| this three step cycle of __ __ and __ brings about a chain rxn that produces an exponentially growing population of identical dna molecules |
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Definition
| heating, cooling, replication |
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Term
| dna cloning allows researches to ... (3) |
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Definition
- compare genes and alleles between individuals
- locate gene expression in a body
- determine the role of a gene in an organism
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Definition
| indirect method of rapdily analyzing and comparing geneome using a gel as a molecular sieve to seperate nucleic acids or proteins by size. a current is applied that causes charged molecules to move throught the gel, and these molecules are sorted into bands by their size |
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Term
| restriction fragment analysis |
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Definition
| in restriction fragment analysis, dna fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion of a dna molecule are sorted by gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
| combines gel electrophoresis of dna fragments with nucleic acid hybridization. indentifies dna fragments |
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| relatively short dna fragments can be sequenced by this method |
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Definition
| dideoxy chain termination method |
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Term
| modified nucleotides called __ attach to synthesized dna strands of different lengths |
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Definition
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| changes in expression of a gene during embryonic development can be tested using... (2) |
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Definition
- northern blotting
- reverse transcriptase - pcr
both methods are used to compare mrna from different developmental stages
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Definition
| combines gel electrophoresis of mRNA followed by hybridization with a probe on a membrane |
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Term
| reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
| RT-PCR a tech ufor determining expression of a particular gene. it uses reverse transcriptase and dna polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest |
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Definition
| uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of specifi mRNAs in a place in the intact organism |
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| compare patterns of gene expressions in different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions |
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| mutations introduced into a cloned gene or altering or destroying its function |
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| a cell that can generate a complete new organism |
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| relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types |
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Definition
| stem cells isolated from early embryos at the blastocyst stage. these are able to differntiate into all cell types |
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| what is the aim of stem cell research? |
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Definition
| to supply cells for the repair of damaged or diseased organs |
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Term
| single nucleotide polymophisms |
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Definition
| snps are genetic markers. they are single base pair sites that vary in population. |
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Term
| restriction fragment length polymorphism |
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Definition
| RFLP snps in dna frags with different lengths |
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Definition
| alteration of an afflicted individuals genes |
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| synthesis of small molecules for use as drugs |
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Definition
| the drug imantinib is a small molecule that inhibits overexpression of a specific leukemia causing receptor. |
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Term
| protein production in cell cultures |
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Definition
| host ells in culture can be engineered to secrete a protein as it is made. this is useful in the production of insulin, human growht homones and vaccines |
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Term
| protein production by "pharm" animals and plants |
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Definition
| transgenic animals are made by introducing genes from one speices into teh genome of another animal. these animals are pharmaceuticla factories, producing large amounts of otherwise rare substances for medical use pharm plants are also being developed ot make human proteins for medical use |
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| pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species |
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| an individuals unique dna sequence. can be obtained by tissue or body fluids |
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| strs whichare variations in the number of repeats of dna sequences |
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| most commonly used vector for introducing genes into plant cells |
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