Term
| blending hypothesis (genes) |
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Definition
| two traits blend together (yellow + blue = green) |
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Term
| particulate hyphothesis (genes) |
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Definition
| idea that parents pass down heritable traits |
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Term
| why did mendel chose pea plants for his reasearch? (four reasons) |
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Definition
- there are many varieties with distinct heritable features, (characters) and character variants (traits)
- mating of plants can be controlled
- each pea plant has sperm producing organs (stamens) and egg producing organs (carpels)
- Cross pollination can be achieved by dusting one plant with pollen from another
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Term
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Definition
| observable heritable feature |
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Term
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Definition
| any detectable variant in a genetic character |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate |
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Term
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Definition
| the breeding between two contrasting true breeding varieties |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hybrid offspring of P generation |
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Term
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Definition
| generation produced when F1 individuals self pollinate |
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Term
| what did mendel call what we now call genes? |
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Definition
| what mendel called a heritable factor, we now call genes |
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Term
| first concept of mendels hypothesis |
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Definition
| alternative versions of genes account for vaiations in inherited characters. for example, the gene for flower color exists in two versions, one for purple flower and the other for white flower. |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative versions of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| location of a gene. each gene resides at a specific locus on a specific chromosome |
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Term
| second concept of mendel's hypothesis |
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Definition
| for each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent |
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Term
| third concept of mendel's hypothesis |
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Definition
| if the two alleles at a locus differ, then one is dominant and determines the organisms appearance, and the other is recessive and has no noticeable effect on appearance. for example, F1 plants had purple flowers because the alleles for that trait is dominant |
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Term
fourth concept of mendel's hypothesis.
the law of segregation |
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Definition
| two alleles for a heritable character seperate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagram for predicting the results of a genetic cross between individuals of known genetic makeup |
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Term
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Definition
| organism with two identical alleles for a character |
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Term
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Definition
| organism has two different alleles for a gene |
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Term
| which is true breeding homo or heterozygotes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms physical apperance, physical manifestation of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breeding a mystery organism with a homozygous recessive organism. if any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the mystery parent must be heterozygous |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. all the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for differnt alleles a re monohybrids. for example parents of gneeotype AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cross between heterozygotes. cross following a single character |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. all the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. for example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb. |
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Term
law of independent assortment
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Definition
| states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of allels during gamete formation. genes located near each other on the same chromesome tend to be inherited together |
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Term
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Definition
| when phenotypes of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are identical |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between teh phenotypes of the parental varieties |
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Term
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Definition
| two dominant alleles affect teh phenotype in seperate, distinguishable ways. both show up |
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Term
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Definition
fatal disease that caused by dysfunctional enzyme making the brain accumlate lots of lipids
recessive at organism level, incompletely dominant at biochemical level and codominant at the molecular level |
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Term
| dominant alleles are not necessarily more commin in populations than recessive ones. why is that? |
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Definition
| natural selection picks out good traits |
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Term
| what are teh four phenotypes of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability for single gene to have multiple effects |
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Term
| name two diseases that pleiotropic alleles are responsible for |
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Definition
| cystic fibrosis, sickle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| when a gene at one locus alters teh phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus |
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Term
| name an example of epistasis |
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Definition
| a mouse has a gene that determines pigment color, B for black and b for brown. another gene determines whether the pigment is deposisted into the hair, C, for color and c for no color |
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Term
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Definition
| heritbale feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either or fasion |
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Term
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Definition
| an additve ffect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment. for example gydrangea flower of the same genotype range from blue-violet to pink depending on soil acidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| reffering to phenotypic character tha is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors |
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Term
| why aren't humans good subjects for genetic research? |
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Definition
- generation time is too long
- parents produce relatively few offspring
- breeding experiements are unacceptable
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Term
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Definition
| family tree that describes the interrleationships of parents and children across generations |
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Term
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Definition
| heterozygous individuals who carry recessive allele but are phenotypically normal |
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Term
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Definition
| mating between close relatives, which increases chance of mating between two carriers of the same rare allele that can cause diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| common lethel disease resulting in defective or abesnt chloride transport channels in plasma membranes. mucus build up in internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| disease caused by substitution of an amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| dwarfism caused by rare domint allele |
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Term
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Definition
| degenerative disease of the nervous system |
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Term
| what do genetic counselors do? |
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Definition
| provide information to prospective parents concerned about a family history for a specific disease |
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Term
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Definition
| when the liquid that bathes teh fetus is removed and tested |
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Term
| chorionic villus sampling |
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Definition
| CVS is when a sample fo the placenta is removed and tested. |
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Term
| two other examples of fetal testing |
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Definition
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Term
| what's the difference between dominant and recessive? |
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Definition
| dominant shows up in the phenotype and recessive is usually not seen |
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Term
| what's the difference between heterozygous and homozygous |
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Definition
| heterozygous contains two different alleles for a trait and homozygous contains two of the same allele for a trait |
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Term
| what's the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? |
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Definition
| genotypes are unseen parts of the genetic makeup and phenotypes are the seen results of the genotype |
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Term
| what's are teh differences among complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance |
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Definition
| complete has only one phenotype show up, incomplete has an interemediate between two phenotypes show up and codominance shows multiple phenotypes showing up |
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Term
| explain how carrier recognition, fetal testing and newborn screening can be used in genetic screening and counseling |
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Definition
| parents will be able to see if there are any gene related problems with the child |
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