Term
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Definition
| Life-sustaining chemical transformations within cells. Conversion of food / sunlight into energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of chemical reactions within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes. Product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Discovered sperm and bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Through series of experiments (flasks, broth, bent-neck, goose-neck), disproved spontaneous generation, proving that life must come from life. |
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Term
8 Characteristics of Life
1 of 8: Order |
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Definition
| Made up of one or more cells. |
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Term
8 Characteristics of Life
2 of 8: Reproduction |
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Definition
| Has the ability to pass on DNA. |
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Term
8 Characteristics of Life
3 of 8: Universal Genetic Code |
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Definition
| Has DNA, can regenerate at the molecular level. |
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Term
8 Characteristics of Life
4 of 8: Growth and Development |
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Definition
| Has a life cycle with observable changes. |
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Term
8 Characteristics of Life
5 of 8: Irritability |
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Definition
| Responds to outside stimuli. |
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Term
8 Characteristics of Life
6 of 8: Energy |
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Definition
| Metabolizes / uses energy. |
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Term
8 Characteristics of Life
7 of 8: Evolutionary Adaptations |
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Definition
| Subtle, inheritable changes over thousands / millions of years. |
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Term
8 Characteristics of Life
8 of 8: Homeostasis |
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Definition
| Can maintain a stable internal environment. |
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Term
| Organizational Complexity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Changes form, but can neither be created nor destroyed. |
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Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
Total energy of a system is constant but can neither be created nor destroyed.
Mass of the reactants will equal the mass of the products. (E=mc^2) |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy transfer always results in a greater amount of disorder in the universe. |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of disorder, or randomness, in the universe. Entropy always increases in the universe as a whole.
(Hawking -- A cup of coffee broken on the floor will never reform by itself.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Testing of hypotheses through observation and experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Set of principles, supported by evidence, that explains some aspect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that has yet to be proven wrong and is widely accepted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variables are meant to be kept constant as a means of comparison. Gives end result context. |
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Term
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Definition
| That which is being tested or changed in an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid that has "rest mass." Can take the form of a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
Substances that cannot be reduced to simpler forms.
Defined by number of protons in nucleus.
There are 94 in total. |
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Term
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Definition
| Building blocks for everything on Earth. Made of protons, neurons, and electrons. |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in the nucleus of an atom. Positive electric charge.
Elements are defined by number of protons in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the nucleus of an atom, neutral electric charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry negative electric charge. Circulate at a distance from the nucleus in the "electron cloud." |
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Term
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Definition
| Elements can have up to 8. If it has 8, it is a noble gas (except hydrogen and helium). |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of protons plus number of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains molecules of two or more elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of atoms covalently bonded together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom whose number of electrons differs from its number of protons, giving it an electric charge. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Water (3) |
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Definition
1. Cohesion
2. Adhesion
3. Vaporization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two atoms are linked through a sharing of electrons. Two atoms share the valence electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms bonded to other atoms of opposite electric charge. One atom gives up one or more of its electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Links an already covalently bonded atom with a second electronegative atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposite charges at opposite sides of the molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
Repels water.
Nonpolar substances. Water is more attracted to itself than a hydrophobic surface; will "bead up." |
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Term
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Definition
Has a tendency to interact or be dissolved by water.
Water is attracted to polar and ionic substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance being dissolved by a solvent to form a solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Proteins
2. Lipids
3. Carbohydrates
4. Nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules composed of amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
Do not dissolve in water.
(Examples: trigylcerides, steroids, phospholipids, glycerol, waxes.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chain of sugars. Used first when converting food into ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers composed of nucleotides. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeps pH within normal levels. |
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Term
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Definition
A measure of a substance's acidity or alkalinity.
ph 1 -- extremely acidic
ph 7 -- neutral
ph 14 -- extremely basic |
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Term
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Definition
Substance with a pH less than 7.
As pH decreases, acidity increases. |
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Term
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Definition
Substance with a pH greater than 7.
As pH increases, alkalinity increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance with a pH of about 7. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that can be combined with other molecules to make a polymer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule that is made of two or more monomers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specifies elements in a molecule. Number of atoms in the molecule is written in subscript. Does not specify spatial arrangement. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2D representation of a molecule that shows how atoms are arranged and the bonds between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized into functional groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Joins each triplet group of nucleotides in a DNA sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
Composed of two nucleotides linked together in a double helix.
Proteins of an organism are put together in accordance with information coded in DNA. |
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Term
|
Definition
Ribonucleic acid.
1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Messenger RNA. Carries a copy of the DNA code. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer RNA. Identifies and transfers amino acids to the ribosome. |
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Term
| Major differences between animal and plant cells |
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Definition
| Animal cells do not conduct photosynthesis. Animal cells do not contain a central vacuole, chloroplasts, or cell walls. Plant cells do not contain lysosomes. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Phospholipids |
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Definition
| Molecules have bipolar heads and nonpolar tails. |
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Term
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Definition
| Control center of a cell. Holds the DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesizes rRNA. Like the nucleus of the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pores in nucleus that allow mRNA to pass through. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Power station" of a cell. Coverts food into energy currency, ATP. Located in cytoplasm of plant and animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in plant / algae cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells. Processes and sorts proteins, like the "post office." |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) |
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Definition
| Continuation of nuclear membrane. Looks rough because of attached ribosomes. |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) |
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Definition
| Smooth because it has no ribosomes attached. Site of lipid synthesis. Harmful substances are detoxified. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transports proteins and other cellular materials. Located in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Network of protein filaments inside the cell. (Internal scaffolding.) Controls cell structure, movement, and transports materials within a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Recycling center" of a cell. In animal cells only. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, watery plant organelle. Maintains cell pressure, stores cell nutrients, retains and degrades waste products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only plant cells have a firm cell wall. Gives plant its shape and limits water uptake. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capture the energy in light to make sugar. In plants cells only. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are in a cell that contains a pair of centrioles and other proteins. Replicates during S phase, making 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which two sister chromatids connect to make one complete chromosome. Not necessarily in the center. |
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Term
| Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane |
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Definition
| semi-permeable, selective |
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Term
| Functions of Cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| Gives structural support. Facilitates cell movement and movement of materials within cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a dissolved substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Movement powered by the formation of new hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognition, Receptor, Transport, and Structure proteins |
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Term
| Lipid bilayer, phospholipids |
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Definition
| Lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids with polar, hydrophilic heads and nonpolar, hydrophobic tails. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport of molecules into cells that requires energy to be expended. Materials are pumped across using transport proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport of molecules into cells that does not require energy to be expended, i. e. diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two solutions have equal concentration of solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surroundings are more concentrated. Fluid that has a higher concentration of solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surroundings are less concentrated. Fluid that has a lower concentration of solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of large materials into a cell by means of wrapping extensions of the plasma membrane around the material and fusing the extensions together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of materials into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of materials out of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| High concentrations of potassium ions inside the cell and sodium ions outside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy currency. Oxygen is converted into ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that catalyze reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| One molecule of glucose is converted into pyruvic acid, ethyl alcohol, or lactic acid. Occurs in cytosol throughout the cell. Does not require oxygen. |
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Term
| Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle |
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Definition
| Production of electron carriers. Occurs in mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Krebs cycle: combines with something else to from citric acid. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Primary pigment active in plant photosynthesis. |
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Term
| Where does photosynthesis take place? |
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Definition
| Chloroplasts of plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage 1 of photosynthesis. Includes Photosystem II, then Photosystem I. Located within the thylakoid membrane. |
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Term
| Dark reaction, Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
| Stage 2 of photosynthesis. Called "dark" because it does not require light. Produces glucose which becomes plant material. Consumes carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Entire set of instructions to create all the proteins in an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The genome is like a book of instructions; a gene is like a sentence within that book. Determines a particular trait of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area in the cell that contains a pair of centrioles and other proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of a pair of DNA bundles attached to its sister chromatid at a centromere. (Half of the X-looking thing that makes uo one chromosome.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes in a matched pair. Females have 23 matched pairs, males have 22. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternate (mutated) DNA sequence at the same physical location on a chromosome as original gene. |
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Term
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Definition
4 bases that make up DNA sequence.
- A always paired with T.
- G always paired with C. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Transcription -- DNA unwinds and mRNA is copied
2. Translation -- On ribosome, mRNA is read using tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Workbench. "Reads" messenger RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A triplet code of nucleotides in DNA and RNA sequences. (ATA, CCT, etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complementary to codons. (Codon is ATA, anticodon is TAT. GCT / CGA -- etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amino acids are joined together to from a polypeptide chain. |
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Term
| Three stages of the Cell Growth Cycle |
|
Definition
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
3. Cytokinesis |
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Term
|
Definition
Growth stage of cell division.
G1 interphase - major cell growth
S interphase - synthesis of DNA
G2 interphase - 2nd growth |
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Term
| Which cells are in G0 phase? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Normal cell division. Chromosome number stays the same. Moves DNA strands -- chromosome organization and separation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Separation of 2 new cells. Third and final stage of Cell Growth Cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer cell characteristics |
|
Definition
| Uncontrolled cell growth, lack of contact inhibition |
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Term
| Oncogene tumor suppressor theory of cancer |
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Definition
| Oncogene starts cell division -- accelerator pedal. Tumor suppressor gene shuts down cell cycle until damaged DNA is repaired -- brake pedal. If the tumor suppressor gene is damaged, it can't prevents cells from multiplying. |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA caps. Repeating DNA sequence at chromosome ends. Protects chromosomes from degradation.
In cancer cells, these DNA caps are repaired; cancer cells are immortal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Photographic arrangement of the matched chromatid pairs. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Reproductive cells -- sperm and eggs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ordinary body cell not related to sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Creation of eggs, female sex cells. Occurs in ovaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Creation of sperm, male sex cells, Occurs in testes. |
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Term
| How many gametes are produced in meiosis from an initial cell? |
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Definition
| 4. In males, all 4 become sperm. In females, 1 becomes an egg, and the other 3 will be degraded. |
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Term
| How many human genes are there? |
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Definition
| Because of alternative splicing, no one knows for sure. Estimated 20,000. |
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Term
| How many chromosomes does a human have? |
|
Definition
| 23 pairs, or 46 chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
X - Turner's syndrome
Y - always fatal
XXX
XYY
XXY - Klinefelter's syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
| Asexual reproduction. Very rare in complex organisms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The primary male gene. Located on Y. Protein triggers development of male sex organs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell division that results in halving the chromosome number. Only gametes undergo meiosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs in interphase stage of cell mitosis. DNA packs into visible chromosomes. Nuclear membrane breaks up and disappears. |
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Term
| Why do cells need to divide? |
|
Definition
- repair / replacement -- cells have a "programmed death"
- repair in the case of injury
- growth / development throughout organism lifecycle
- inefficient for cells themselves to grow bigger, so instead they make more |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primary Structure of Proteins
(1 of 4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Secondary Structure of Proteins
(2 of 4) |
|
Definition
| Pleated or corkscrew helix, or random coil. |
|
|
Term
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
(3 of 4) |
|
Definition
| Folded polypeptide chain. |
|
|
Term
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
(4 of 4) |
|
Definition
| Two or more polypeptide chains linked together. |
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Term
|
Definition
- published by a non-scientific newspaper, magazine, or website
- meant for the general population
- written by a journalist or columnist
- not peer-reviewed
- does not follow the scientific method |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes wall of uterus to thicken |
|
|
Term
| Progestin, female hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone detected in urine by home pregnancy tests |
|
|
Term
| How do we differentiate a bacterial colony from a fungi or mold? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria is smooth, fungi is fuzzy |
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|
Term
| Characteristics of lichens |
|
Definition
| leathery, thin, green in color from algae |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between an angiosperm and a gymnosperm? |
|
Definition
Angiosperm -- seeds in flowers, fruit
Gymnosperms -- seeds in cones |
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|
Term
| 3 body plans for animal kingdom |
|
Definition
1) aysmmetric (least complex)
2) radial symmetry (more complex)
3) bilateral symmetry (most complex) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plants -- green in color, conducts photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| People, animals -- has to eat or absorb its food, cannot produce food itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flows from the bottom (plants) up |
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Term
|
Definition
| Species whose absence would cause drastic change (bees, starfish) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Community of organisms (plants, animals) and nonliving things (soil, air, water) |
|
|
Term
| Biotic factors of an ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abiotic factors of an ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did a major influenza epidemic occur in the United States? (in-class movie) |
|
Definition
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