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Definition
| contributed the 2 part latin species name we still use today. While he believed each species was created by God, he saw that they could be grouped in certain ways by similarities. |
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Definition
| stated many ideas about evolution (like species change over time) but in response to the church: took it all back |
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Definition
he believed that life had existed for much, much longer than a literal reading of the creation story in Genesis- how did he explain this?
Theory of catastrophism --> species can become extinct |
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Definition
He wrote “Principles of Geology” which REALLY inspired Darwin on his Beagle tour. What did Lyell think about the earth?
Gradual change shaped the earth --> earth is much older than 6,000 years |
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Definition
| Believed species changed over time. Most known for his (incorrect) theory, inheritance of acquired characteristics. Example of his theory: a human gets buff so then his child would be buff too WRONG |
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Definition
| economist who wrote, “Essay on the Principle of Population” which was a major inspiration to Darwin. Basically, he concluded that poverty, famine, war, disease were all population checks on the human population because the population could not grow exponentially and compete for limited resources |
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Definition
| Was a land surveyor working in present day Indonesia and independently came up with the same ideas as Darwin |
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Definition
| The fact that species tend to over reproduce. |
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Definition
| combines the ideas of Darwin and Mendel. It recognizes the processes of microevolution. It also recognizes that 'traits' were passed on by genes. |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg model of a non-evolving population |
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Definition
| a.k.a Genetic Equilibrium. Says that sexual reproduction alone does not lead to microevolution. S population's allele frequencies don't change when there is no mutation, the population is infinitely large and isolated from others of the species, mating is random with respect to the alleles of interest and all individuals survive and reproduce sexually. |
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Definition
p=dominant q=recessive trait
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p+q=1. |
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Term
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Definition
| When allele frequencies, underlying a range of variation, shift in a consistent direction, in response to a change in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
When intermediate phenotypes are favored and extreme phenotypes at
both ends of the range of variation are eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
| When intermediate phenotypes are selected against and extreme phenotypes are favored |
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Term
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Definition
| When a phenotype that gives an individual an advantage at reproductive success is favored |
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Definition
| When two or more alleles are maintained at a frequency of greater than 1% over the generation, which tends to favor heterozygotes |
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Definition
| change in gene pool of a small population due to change and not selection |
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Definition
| a drastic reduction in population size because of some random event. Leads to a decrease in variety of genes. |
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Definition
| colonization of a new location by only a few individuals. Leads to a decrease in genetic diversity. |
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Term
| Ernst Mayr’s Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
a group of populations whose
individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare species based on similarity of structure |
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Definition
| tell between species based on similarity of genes |
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Definition
| tell species apart by their role in the environment. |
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Definition
temporal isolation (individual or the gametes are not around the same time to mate)
ecological isolation (organisms are not in the same place)
behavioral isolation (no sexual attraction)
mechanical isolation (reproductive parts don't fit together)
gamete mortality (successful copulation but no fertilization) |
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Term
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Definition
| a.Hybrid inviability- don’t develop or are frail offspring b.Hybrid sterility- hybrids (offspring between 2 species) are sterile |
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Term
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Definition
| Geographical barriers is what stops gene flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 species coming from the same ancestral species |
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Term
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Definition
| A burst of divergences from a single ancestor that leads to many new species each adapted to a new habitat or using new resources |
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Definition
No geographical barries, but gene flow stops anyway.
1. Animals – rarely happens and scientists don’t know how it happens, the only examples are fish species in crater lakes in Africa
2. Plants- can become reproductively isolated in one generation due to: errors in meiosis --> polyploidly (3n, 4n, 5n) |
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Definition
| the study of biological diversity. Composed of phylogeny and taxonomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary history (and relationships) of a group of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The naming and classification of species and groups of species |
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Term
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Definition
| Get energy from sunlight, carbon from CO2. Ex: bacteria, some protists, all plants. |
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Definition
| likely the first form of life because the photosynthethic reactions require such complex set of enzymes and reactions. Get energy from inorganic chemicals (such as iron and sulfur).Ex: ancient bacteria |
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Definition
| Get energy from sunlight, and carbon from organic molecules (glucose). Ex: bacteria |
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Definition
| Get energy/carbon from organic molecules (glucose). Ex: bacteria, some protists, all animals, all fungi. |
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Term
| The first life forms were.. |
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Definition
| prokaryotes; kingdoms bacteria and archae. Had asexual reproduction, so genetic variaton only came from mutation. Mutation is caused by errors in DNA replication. |
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Definition
| Domain --> Kingdom --> Phylum --> Class --> Order --> Family --> Genus --> Species |
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Definition
transformation- Taking up of DNA from surrounding fluid
transduction- A phage transfers a piece of DNA from previous host cell into a new host cell
conjugation- Direct transfer of replicated DNA from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed by: Lynn Margulis. Explains how prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes. Cyanobacteria turned into chloroplasts. An aerobic proteobacteria turned into mitochondria. Both organelles have their own DNA, separate from nucleus. They also divide independently of cell cycle. Also, they have inner cell membranes, similar in composition to prokaryotic membranes. Jeon Kwang experimented with amoebas that engulfed bacteria and became symbiotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first eukaryote kingdom. Its ancestors were prokaryotes. Its decendants include fungi, plants, animals. They are eukaryotic, multicellular and unicellular, aerobic/anaerobic respiration, and heterotropic nutrition and autotrophic nutrition. Ex:paramecium, amoebas, diatoms, algae |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolved from protists. Are eukaryotic, multicellular and single celled, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, heterotropic nutrition. Ex: shrooms and yeast. |
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Term
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Definition
Photosynthesis can occur at either the leaves or stems. They absorb the food through the roots with help of mycorrhizae (a fungal symbiont; plant provides sugars to the fungus for nutrition)The roots also hold the plant up. They reproduce by- gametes kept moist (and protected) in a jacket of cells around the gametes; male gametes (sperm that develop from pollen) are dispersed by: wind, water, animals. They are embryophytes, meaning that the embryo begins development: attached to parent plant (helps survival). To transport they use a. xylem – form rigid tubes that transport H2O and minerals from roots to stems/leaves
b. phloem – transports sugars throughout plant because photosynthesis does not occur in all parts
Support to stay upright in air– cell wall made of lignin (primarily found in xylem). |
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Term
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Definition
Plants with no vascular tissue (therefore, they lack internal support and must live in moist environments for water absorption). They have a cuticle to prevent water loss. Jacket of cells protect gametes
they are embryophytes. Sperm require water for dispersal. Advantage:do not need to be immersed in H2O at all times because of the cuticle (although they require moisture). |
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Term
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Definition
| Additional property (compared to bryophytes): xylem (lignin) & phloem --> plants can grow tall. Ex: Ferns. |
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Term
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Definition
“naked seed”. Additional properties (compared to seedless vascular plants)
a. Sperm dispersal – as pollen (carried by wind)
b. Have seeds (embryo packaged with nourishment and a tough protective coating)2. Example: conifers
3. Evolutionary advantages
a. Reproduction not dependent on H2O
b. Fertilization occurs in a protective chamber called the ovule --> seed
c. Embryos begin life in a chamber called the seed which provides: nutrition and protection
d. Conifers - could survive cold temperatures after the Carboniferous period, conifers –keep leaves all year (maximize a short growing season), needles don’t hold snow, trees don’t break with weight of snow. |
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Term
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Definition
| seeded vascular flowering plants 1. Additional properties (compared to gymnopserms) a. Have seeds that develop in protective chambers = fruits b. flowers (sexual reproductive structures) produced to attract pollinators 2.Examples: apple trees, dandelions. 90% of plant species today are angiosperms 3. Evolutionary advantages – a. targeted pollinators – no longer random wind dispersal b. wide dispersal of seeds |
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Term
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Definition
evolved from protists. They are multicellular chemohetrotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrition by ingestion. Cells lack cell waslls. Most are motile (which requires basic muscle and nerve cells). Most are diploid. Most reproduce sexually. Develop:
a. zygote
b. Blastula- hollow balls of cells
c. Gastrula- 1. ectoderm – outer--> skin and nerves
2. endoderm – inner -->digestive tract
3. mesoderm – middle--> muscles, blood, bone, reproductive and urinary organs (seen later in evolution)
d. maybe become immature adult stage, like larva.
e. Adult |
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Term
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Definition
Sponges. No true tissues or organs. Two cell types-
a. collar cells are inner flagellated cells that move water though the body and phagocytose food
b. amoeboid cells- produce skeletal fibers (one defense against predators)
Can't move and have no symmetry or digestive cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| have 2 true tissue layers that form during development from the endoderm (inner epithelium) and ectoderm (outer epithelium). No organs. Radial symmetry. Some can move, so they have smple nerve and muscle cells. Have nematocysts – “stinging” capsules with toxins and barbs useful for capture prey and defense. They have mouths, but no anus. Example organisms: corals, anemones, hydras (all polyp), jellyfish (medusa). |
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Term
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Definition
Flatworms. They are protosome (mouth first). They have bilateral symmetry. tissues form in three layers (endoderm, enctoderm and mesoderm). Simple organs. Three groups of diversity
1. free-living Planarians 2. Flukes (parasitic) 3. Tapeworms (parasitic)
Have incomplete digestive cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of head and tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protosome. They have bilateral symmetry with a segmented body. Complete digestive tract(mouth and anus). have coelom that is completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm that becomes the peritoneum. The coelom helps absorb shock and it serves as a hydroskeleton, since it is filled with fluid. Systems:Circulatory , reproductive, digestive, nervous, excretory. Ex: Earthworms, Leeches |
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Term
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Definition
bilateral, non-segmented symmetry. Complete digestive cavity. They have organ systems, including very good respiratory and circulatory. Unique body structure seen in many members:
a. Mantle – fold of tissue that extends from the body mass to drape over body—secretes a shell in some
b. Radula – a rasping organ used to scrape food.
Ex:
1. Gastropods – snails, slugs
2. Bivalves – mussels, clams, oysters 3. Cephalopods – squids, octopus, cuttlefish |
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Term
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Definition
Roundworms. Protosomes. They have bilateral symmetry, complete digestive cavity. Have pseudocoelom(not entirely lined by mesoderm). have nervous, reproductive systems. No circulatory or respiratory systems. most members contain a flexible cuticle that sheds as it grows. 1. Most are free-living soil dwellers
2. Hookworms – Ascaris (parasitic)
3. Heartworm (parasitic) |
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Term
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Definition
most # of species. Protosome. bilateral symmetry with specialized segmentation head, abdomen, thorax. Complete digestive cavity. reduced coelom. Open circulatory system, specialized sensory and respiratory stucture. They have
a. jointed appendages – allows for various movements
b. exoskeleton – made of chitin
1. Crustaceans – lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles
2. Arachnids – spiders, mites, scorpions, ticks
3. Centipedes and Millipedes
4. Insects (the only winged inertebrates) |
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Term
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Definition
| spiny skin. Deuterostome (mouth second). Adults have radial symmetry without segmentation, while larvae usually are bilateral without segmentation. Have a coelom and complete digestive cavity. have digestive, reproductive, excretory and water vascular systems. Have tube feet. Ex: sand dollar, sea star |
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Term
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Definition
Deuterostome. Has bilateral symmetry with segmentation(at stage1). Complete digestive cavity, coelom, with highly developed organ systems. Have:
1.dorsal, hollow nerve tube
2.notochord – flexible, supportive rod located between the digestive tube and nerve cord
3. pharyngeal slits – gill-like structures
4. muscular tail – posterior to anus
Ex:
1. lancelet – marine species, have all 4 previously described characteristics as adults
2. tunicates – “sea squirts”, exhibit all 4 as larva
3. vertebrates – segmented backbone |
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Term
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Definition
subphylum of chordata. 1. segmented backbone (within the body-endoskeleton) made of bone and/or cartilages
2. cranium – encases all or part of the brain
3. hinged jaws – except agnathans like the lamprey |
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Term
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Definition
| They are aquatic. Have: hinged jaws, paired gills, paired fins. |
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Term
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Definition
“bony fishes”; most abundant and diverse group of vertebrates. Skeleton reinforced with bone. They have a swim bladder to avoid sinking. Have a two chambered heart.
Examples: salmon, tuna, goldfish |
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Term
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Definition
| “cartilaginous” fish. Skeleton- made with cartilage. Must constantly keep swimming since they don’t have a swim bladder. Diversity examples: sharks, skates, stingrays |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved from fish with lungs and lobed fins. Breathe through lungs and skin. Bring in water through skin. External fertilization requires water for gamete dispersal. Ectothermic (don't maintain a constant body temp). EX: frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved from amphibians with modifications for land life. overlapping scales form an external barrier. Internal fertilization. Amniotic eggs with protective shells. Ectothermic. Ex:lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved from reptiles. have eggs, scales and feathers, like reptiles. No teeth, few vertebrae in tail, light honeycomb bones light, all perfect for flight. Strong breast muscles. Endothermic. 4 chambered heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved from reptiles. hair for insulation. Mammary glands for producing milk. 4 types of teeth(incisors, canines, pre molars, molars) |
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Term
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Definition
| mammals which lay amniotic eggs. platypus, 2 echidna species |
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Term
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Definition
mammals. embryo nurtured in primitive placenta for only a short time. Development continues in the marsupium (pouch) in which the young can attach to nipples for months.
Examples: kangaroo, koala, wombat, oppossum |
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Term
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Definition
| placental mammals. Longer gestation time in uterus. thus born more developed. |
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Term
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Definition
| different species develop similar characteristics through evolution in different places because they face similar environments. |
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Term
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Definition
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animal
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: mammal
Order: primates
Family: hominidae
Genus: homo
Species: sapiens |
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Term
| Epithelial(epithelium) tissue |
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Definition
| Sheets that cover external surfaces or line the inside of organs/cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
part of epithelial (epithelium) tissue. glandular epithelium . 1. exocrine = secretions released onto free surface and carried through ducts/tubes (ex: tears, digestive enzymes, sweat, oil)
2. endocrine = no ducts, secrete from free surface directly into body fluid/blood (ex: hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
1. simple squamous- single layer of flattened epithelium cells. For diffusion and filtration. In blood vessels and sacs in lungs.
2. simple cuboidal- single layer of cubed shaped cells. used for glandular secretion and absorption. In testes, ovaries and kidneys.
3. simple columnar- single layer of tall cells.used for secretion of mucus and movement of materials, and absorption. found in lining airways.
4. stratified squamous- layers of flattened cells. Used for protection, like skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that secrete specific protein fibers and ground substance. Six types: 1.loose-loose fibers and cells in extensive ground substance. Elastic binding and packaging. found under skin. 2. fibrous- used for support, strength, elasticity. Found in ligament(bone to bone), tendons 3. adipose- fat tissue. used for padding, insulation and energy. around most organs 4. cartilage- cells imprisoned in a rubbery ground substance, no blood vessel supply. Provides flexible support resists compression, low friction movement in joints. 5. Bone- cells imprisoned in a mineralized ground substance with a blood vessel supply. Provide sturdy support, movement, protection of organs. 6.blood- |
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Term
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Definition
bundles of long contractile cells with many mitochondria (b/c they need a lot of energy). Types:
-skeletal- bundles of long striated (banded or stripped) cells. voluntary movement.
-cardiac- bundles of long stinded cells that are branched with gap junctions. Found in heart, to pump blood.
-smooth- not striated, involuntary contractions, slow but can be sustained. Found in stomach, intestines, esophagus, arteries, uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| cells with long extensions, close to each other. They send and receive electrical signals along their plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| the activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that keep an organism’s internal environment in a range that cells can tolerate |
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Term
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Definition
| allows us to swallow without breathing food; entrance to both the wind pipe(trachea) and esophagus. When not swallowing the trachea is open, esophageal sphinter closes the esophagus. when swallowing, larynx forces the epiglottis to cover the trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
| wavelike motion (peristalsis) to move food from pharynx to stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
a.storage
b. chemical digestion – the enzyme pepsin and HCl digest proteins
c. mechanical churning by smooth muscle
Properties of cells lining stomach
(remember they sit in acid):
a. regenerate by mitosis every 3 days
b. not always immersed in acid, acid release is hormonally controlled by gastrin
c. protected by mucous |
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Term
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Definition
| site for completion of chemical breakdown of all macromolecules into monomer form. Absorbs all nutrients. about 20 ft long. villi and microvilli on each epithelial cell give it the surface area advantage. |
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Term
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Definition
| gland. Enzymes produced and secreted into the small intestine to complete the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Produced bicarbonate to neutralize acidity of the chyme comping from the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| gland that produces bile, bile emulsifies (keeps them separated) fats |
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Term
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Definition
| stores the bile before it is secreted to the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrate and store waste. bacteria in large intestine have symbiotic relationship. they provide vitamins, we give them food and shelter. Peristalsis speed controls normal poop, diarrhea if too fast, or constipation if too slow. |
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Term
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Definition
| does not chew, large stomach, small intestines. |
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Term
| respiratory surface must be.. |
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Definition
| moist because gases must be dissolved in fluid to diffuse through cell membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, moist skin. Requires moisture. found in jellyfish, worms. |
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Term
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Definition
| highly folded or feathery extensions of the body surface. Often combined with integumentary exchange. Depends on how advanced the circulatory system is. |
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Term
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Definition
| inner network of tubes that reach every cell. works with the exoskeleton. It isn't associated with the circulatory system because all cells are reached by trachaeae. Requires a lot of space inside the animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of body surface called filaments that house blood vessels. The gills have to be efficient b/c there's less oxygen in water than in air. Efficient by making sure water and blood flow different ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| internal sac-like organ with close contact with blood vessels and connected to surface by moist epithelium. Mammals have two way tube; birds have bigger, one way lungs; amphibians have integumentary exchange as well as lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
nasal cavity--> pharynx--> larynx--> trachea--> branch--> bronchiole--> alveoli.
Inhaling contracts muscles to increase volume of thoracic cavity, diaphragm moves down, muscles expand rib cage. air moves from high pressure outside to low pressure inside. |
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Term
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Definition
| hemoglobin in red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| majority is converted to bicarbonate or can be carried by hemoglobin in RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| vessels are open ended inside the body, there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. found in Arthropods, some mollusks |
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Term
| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| closed network, blood distinct from interstitial fluid. Found in Vertebrates, most annelids, some mollusks. Can either be one circuit(fish) or have it be pulmonary and system. |
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Term
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Definition
| heart--> artery--> arterioles--> capillaries-->venule--> veins--> heart |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood away from heart. fast. high pressure. thick and elastic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connect arterioles and venules; not all capillaries have blood at any one time- controlled by smooth muscle rings (sphincters). slowest of all vessels. gradient pressure, higher on arteriole end. simple squamos epithelium and basement membrane, “leaky” for exchange, narrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| diameter of a vessel is made smaller |
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Term
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Definition
| made larger, smooth muscle cells relax |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood back to the heart. starts slow but then speeds up as it gets closer to the heart. lowest pressure. have valves that keep the blood from going the wrong way. |
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Term
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Definition
four chambers
1- atria- receive blood from veins
2- ventricles- receive blood from atria, pump this blood out arteries
3- Atria Ventricular valves- between atria and ventricles
4- semilunar valves- between ventricles and arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of sperm. located at the seminiferous tubules. |
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Term
| Order of development of sperm |
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Definition
a.Spermatogonium (diploid)
b. differentiation and onset of meiosis I
c. 1st degree spermatocyte d. MI finishes
e. Two 2nd degree spermatocytes
f. mitosis
g. Four spermatids (haploid)
h. become mature sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm mature and are stored here |
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Term
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Definition
| gland that produces fructose in semen (used as “nourishment” for sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| produces alkaline fluid in semen to counteract urine in the urethra and acidity on the vagina |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes lubricative mucus in semen |
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Term
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Definition
| development of ovum (egg), occurs over decades. Takes place in ovary, within a follicle. |
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Term
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Definition
a. oogonium (diploid)
b. differentiation and MI begins
c. 1st degree oocyte that is arrested in prophase I (when a female is born all of her eggs are in the stage)
d. MI completes
e. 1 polar body (DNA, no cytoplasm) and 1 ovum (mature 2nd degree oocyte)
f. MII (completes upon sperm entry)
g. 3 polar bodies and 1 ovum (haploid) |
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Term
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Definition
takes place in the Fallopian tube. . sperm swim to egg
2. sperm use enzymes to digest zona pellucida
3. sperm and egg’s plasma membranes fuse
4. sperm nucleus enters egg (MII completes for egg)
5. fertilization envelope forms (keeps other sperm from entering)
6. nuclei fuse --> zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| around 9 days (post fertil.) 1. ectoderm --> skin, nerves, brain 2. mesoderm--> most organs (blood, bone, muscles) 3. endoderm --> digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| day 5 or 6 1. Inner cells - baby 2. Outer cells – trophoblast --> implantation and placenta, secrete HCG |
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Term
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Definition
| about 20 days, development of the spinal cord and brain |
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Term
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Definition
| all major organs develop during this time |
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Term
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Definition
| (secreted by mother’s pituitary and the fetus) promotes SMC contractions of the uterus and promotes prostaglandin production |
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Term
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Definition
| (secreted by placenta) promotes SMC contractions |
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