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Definition
| individual has a pair of nonidentical alleles (Aa) |
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Definition
1)alternate form of a gene.
2) all molecular forms of the same gene |
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Definition
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| one parent gives rise to two identical offspring. Done by prokaryotes, single celled eukaryotes, some multi-celled organisms, some somatic (body) cells in multicellular organisms |
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Definition
| 2 parents--> offspring not identical to either parent. |
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Definition
| Composed of interphase (90% of the time) and mitosis (10% of the time) |
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Definition
| made up of G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2) |
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Definition
| Gap 1 in interphase. It is the gap before DNA synthasis. Cell increases number or duplicates the organelles. It also grows in size. |
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Definition
| In interphase. DNA replication. Chromosomes replicate and remain joined at their centrometers, creating sister chromatids. 46-->92. Continued growth of cell. |
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Definition
| in interphase, Gap 2. It's after DNA synthesis. Protein synthesis, general metabolic activity (making ATP and more protein) |
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Definition
| second phase of eukaryotic cell cycle. made up of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis |
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Definition
| DNA is condensing, coiling more. The nuclear envelope and nucleous begin to break up and disappear. A spindle made up of microtubules begins to form, with one end joined to one sisted chromatid at its kinetochore at the centromeric region; the other end joins to pole at microtubule organizing center (MTOC) or centrioles(in animal cells). Sister chromatids move towards center of the cell. |
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Definition
| [image]is the protein structure on chromosomes where the spindle fibers attach during division to pull the chromosomes apart. |
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Definition
[image]
sister chromatids are metaphase plate. Spindle is fully formed. The spindles which are not attached to chromatids attach to other spindle fibers from opposite pole. The nuclear envelope disappears. |
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Definition
| one among the two identical copies of DNA making up a replicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). |
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Definition
| sister chromatids separate to chromosomes. Spindles joined to chromosomes shorten. the spindles joined to opposing spindle fibers lengthen a elongate the cell. |
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Definition
[image]
begins once all chromosomes at spindle poles. Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear, spindle disappear. cytokinesis (splitting of cytoplasm) occurs. In animals- microfilaments pinch the cell at the equator to form 2 cells. Plants can't pinch like that b/c of cell wall, but they form cell plate, and vesicles of cellulose align and fuse at the equator and form two cells. |
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Definition
| any cell that is not a gamete. |
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Definition
| two chromosomes that are nearly identical (one from dad, one from mom). They have the same genes in the same location, but may have different versions of those genes |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes 1-22, the ones found in both males and females |
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Definition
| chromosomes that determine sex. 23rd pair of chromosomes. XX=female, XY=male. |
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Definition
| They're somatic. 2 sets of chromosomes(2n). they are formed by mitosis from a diploid cells |
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Definition
| (gamete) A single set of chromosomes (n). Formed by meiosis from a diploid cell. |
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Definition
| Chromosome number reduced by one half (a diploid in either the testes or ovaries give rise to over 4 haploid gametes) Used by specialized reproductive cells. It keeps genetic material from doubling with each generation, and shuffle genes which creates variation. Also has interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, telophase I and cytokenis, Prophase II, Telophase II. |
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Definition
[image]
chromatids are aligned as tetrads (two chromosomes, with one chromosome coming from each parent). Synapsis ('crossin over') is when DNA breaks homologous chromosomes,and rejoins between non-sister chromatids creating hybrid chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| tetrads align(instead of sister chromatids like in mitosis) at the metaphase plate. . one pair of sister chromatids joined to one pole and the other pair joined to the other pole |
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Term
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Definition
| homologs separate (tetrad breaks) |
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Term
| Telophase I and Cytokenesis |
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Definition
| Spindle disappears, depending on species- nuclear envelopes and nucleoi may reappear, and DNA may uncoil. Cytokinesis results in 2 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is condensing, coiling more. The nuclear envelope and nucleous begin to break up and disappear. A spindle made up of microtubules begins to form, with one end joined to one sister chromatid at its kinetochore at the centromeric region; the other end joins to pole at microtubule organizing center (MTOC) or centrioles(in animal cells). Sister chromatids move towards center of the cell. |
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Definition
[image]
begins once all chromosomes at spindle poles. Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear, spindle disappear. |
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Term
| total number of combinations in a diploid |
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Definition
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Definition
| Diploid cells have pairs of genes on pairs of homologous chromosomes. the two genes of each pair are segregated from each other during meiosis, so they end up in different gametes |
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Definition
| units of information about specific traits |
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Term
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Definition
| have two identical alleles (AA or aa) |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed allele in a heterozygote |
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Term
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Definition
| masked allele in a heterozygote |
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Term
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Definition
| allelic composition of a gene |
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Definition
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Definition
| an organism that is homozygous recessive for all genes being examined |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 or more alleles for one gene rather than just 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| when two dominant alleles are expressed in heterozygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| one allele of a pair is not fully dominant over the other in a heterozygote, so an intermidiate phenotype is observed |
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Term
| Rare Autosomal Dominant Disorders |
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Definition
| need one dominant allele to have disease. Affected individuals usually have one affected parent. Ex. Huntington disease, achordroplasia (dwarfism) |
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Term
| Rare autosomal recessive disorders |
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Definition
| Need 2 copies of the recessive allele to have the disease. Affected individuals usually have unaffected parents. Inbreeding increases frequency in population. EX. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia |
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Term
| rare sex-linked recessive disorders |
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Definition
| Male inherits only one X, so one recessive allele is needed n males to have disease (females need 2 copies). males usually have unaffected parents. Inbreeding inceases frequency in population. Ex. hemophilia, Duchennes muscular dystrophy, colorblindness |
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Term
| Abnormal number of chromosomes(aneuploidy) in humans |
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Definition
| caused by errors in meiosis, when chromosomes don't separate properly. Non-disjuction in meiosis I- homologs don't separate properly, all abnormal gametes (chromo 21-down syndrome). Non-disjunction in meiosis II- sister chromatids don't separate. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal number of chromosomes. Monosomy-losing one chromosome, only have one copy of a chromosome, person dies. Trisomy- gaining one chromosome, only compatible with life if it is chromo 21 (down syndrome). The risk of this happening increases as the mother's age increase b/c eggs are arrested in prophase I(tetroids and synapsis) |
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Term
| Aneuploidy in sex chromosomes |
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Definition
1.XXY – Kleinfelter syndrome - males, sterile, feminization
2. XYY – male, normal
3. XO – Turner’s syndrome – female, sterile, broad webbed neck, short
4. XXX – female, normal |
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Term
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Definition
| showed that the genetic material could be transferred |
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Term
| Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty |
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Definition
| built on Griffith's rat experiment; concluded that DNA, not protein, carries genetic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| showed that the genetic material could be transferred and it’s not damaged by heat |
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Term
| Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase |
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Definition
1. Studied T2 bacteriophage = virus that infects bacteria made only of DNA and proteins
2. Two batches of phages with:
a. Radioactively labeled protein (S35) only
b. Radioactively labeled DNA (P32) only
3. Infected bacteria with the two batches, agitated, spun to separate phage proteins (light) and bacteria cells (heavy).
a. Results when proteins labeled: liquid above
b. Results when DNA labeled: pellet (bacteria) was radioactive
Concluded that DNA is genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| base pair equality, says that the ration of C:G and the ratio of A:T in DNA are 1:1 |
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| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins |
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Definition
| used X-ray diffraction as their main tool. their data suggested a helix of some sort. |
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Term
| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Definition
| helix diameter is uniform, determined that there were two helices. Determined that the bases paired A-T, C-G |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 long polynucleotides--each of which is made up of phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base (A, G, C, T). bases bond with each other with hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| First- mitosis or meiosis(specifically during the S subphase of interphase. 2- because the parent strand is conserved during the process, half of every doublestrand is old and half is new. this is termed semiconscructive or semiconservative replication. 3- helicase- enzymes that breaks hydrogen bonds between bases to unwind DNA into single strands.4- DNA polymerase- enzyme that adds nucleotides to growing DNA polymer. It only adds nucleotide to the 3' end of a nucleotide. Because of the anitparallel nature of DNA and because of the replication fork only moves in one direction, the replication is continuous on one strand and discontinuous on the other. |
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Definition
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| DNA bases code for 20 amino acids |
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Definition
| 3 nucleotide sequence, 64 combos |
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Term
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Definition
| one of 2 DNA strands is the template, rewritten into the 'language' of RNA. this strand is called the template. complimentary strand of... G--> C, A--> U, C--> G, T--> A. The transcript goes from nucleous to cytoplasm via nuclear pores |
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Term
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Definition
| translate the mRNA into the language of proteins (with help of transfer RNA). Uses codons. Takes place in cytoplasm. Needs mRNA for instructions, ribosome to from peptide bonds, tRNA to carry amino acids, free amino acids and enzymes that attach amino acids to tRNAs. stages: initiation, elongation, temination |
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Definition
| A triplet of nitrogen bases. Codes for one amino acid. More than one codon codes for one amino acid. |
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| Transcription in eukaryotes |
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Definition
| takes place in nucleus. RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing mRNA. single stranded DNA template. RNA nucleotide. |
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Definition
| signal for start of transcription; specific sequence right before gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences that signal 'stop' of transition. |
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| Post-transcription processing of mRNA |
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Definition
| addition of 5’ cap; addition of 3’ poly-A-tail; splicing are removed, and exons are spliced together |
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Term
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Definition
| non-coding sequence in a gene |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they carry appropriate amino acid and recognize the appropriate codon in mRNA. They have a anticodon structure- triplet sequence complementary to a specific mRNA codon. Also has a AA attachment site, for the amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| bring mRNA and tRNA together, and form peptide bonds between amino acids. It is made up of large and small subunits made of RNA and protein. P site is where growing tRNA binds. A site is for tRNA which is bringing in amino acids. |
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Definition
| start of mRNA. Methionine |
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Term
| UAA, UAG, UGA sequence on mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small subunit of the ribosome binds mRNA. large and small subunits clamp together. Initiates tRNA(met) sites in the Psite |
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Term
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Definition
codon recognition- - tRNA recognizes codon and brings appropriate AA to mRNA
Peptide bonds are formed when two amino acids are linked in the P and A sites. Translocation occurs (tRNA carrying the growing amino acid chain moves to the P-site; empty tRNA leaves the P-site) |
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Definition
| recognition of the stop codons--> polypeptide is freed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a spontaneous change in DNA during replication of DNA. before mitosis or meiosis. can also occur due to ionizing radiation, since it could cause double stranded breaks in DNA. Also non-ionizing radiation, cause frameshift mutation. last, chemicals can cause base substitutions. Can be single base pair change, base insertion or deletion (cause frame shifts- evey codon downstream of mutation changes). Each unique structure and mutation can lead to different structure, which leads to different function. mutation in somatic cells lead to cancer. Mutations in germ cell(pre-gamete) can lead to a germline mutation, which means the trait wil be inherited and be part of the family's pedigree. |
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Definition
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Definition
| CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG |
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Term
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Definition
| UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. |
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Term
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Definition
| UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Ia, Ib, or i.. Ia+Ia=A; Ia+i=A; Ia+Ib=AB; Ib+Ib=B; Ib+Ib=B; ii=O |
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Term
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Definition
| catastrophism- idea that abrupt changes in the geologic or fossil record resulted from large scale disasters that were divinely invoked. |
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Definition
| inheritance of acquired characteristics- changes in an individual's body form and functioning then the individual passed on the changes, acquired during its lifetime, to offspring |
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Definition
| wrote principles of geology. first flirted with the idea of evolution. |
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Term
| X-linked recessive inheritance |
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Definition
| Androgen insensitivity; Color blindness; Fragile X syndrome; Hemophilia; Muscular dystrophies; X-linked anhidrotic |
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