Term
Know and understand how a morphogen can induce morphogenesis in body regions at a distance away from the cells making the morphogen. Also understand the differences in morphogenesis that could result from the mutation of a gene encoding the morphogen vs. the promoter for that gene. |
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Definition
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Term
Know what parallel phenotypic evolution is
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Definition
Parallel evolution - when closely related species have similar characteristics deriving from highly conserved developmental genes
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Term
Understand the roles of BMP4 and Gremlin on limb development
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Definition
Chick limbs do NOT produce gremlin (a BMP4 inhibitor)...apoptosis occurs= NO webbing
Duck limbs produce gremlin in the webbing...apoptosis does NOT occur= webbing |
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Term
Know what heterochrony is and its effect on development
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Definition
Modularity, through genetic switches, allows the timing of developmental gene expression
to vary (heterochrony) -> evolution of species!
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Term
Know and understand the roles of Hox genes and how they direct morphogenesis in different body segments.
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Definition
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Term
Understand the connection between Hox gene order and A-P axis of an organism.
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Definition
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Term
Understand the influence of various Hox gene mutations on development and morphogenesis of structures of an organism body plan.
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Definition
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Term
Understand the role of Hox genes in normal development and how the same gene can have different effects in different body segments
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Definition
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Term
Understand the function and cell types of plant epidermis
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Definition
Dermal- forms epidermis, usually 1 cell layer
Some cells differentiate:
• Stomata – pores for gas exchange (guard cells control open and closing of stomata)
• Trichomes - leaf hairs, protect from herbivores and damaging solar radiation
• Root hairs - increase root surface area
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Term
Know the role of the cuticle in plants
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Definition
Aboveground epidermal cells secrete a waxy cuticle:
- Limits water loss
- Reflects damaging solar radiation
- Barrier against pathogens
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Term
Know the components of the plant vascular tissue and their functions
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Definition
Vascular tissue - the transport system
- Xylem: dead cells, carry water and minerals from roots to rest of plant
- Phloem: living cells, move carbohydrates from production sites to sites where they are used or stored (source to sink)
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Term
Know the structure and function of vessel elements and sieve tube elements
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Definition
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Term
Know the differences between parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
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Definition
Parenchyma cells: most abundant, large vacuoles and thin cell walls, photosynthesize (in leaves), store protein and starch (fruits/roots)...... ex: flesh of potato or apple
Collenchyma cells: Elongated, Thick cell walls, Provide support......ex: strings in celery
Sclerenchyma cells: Very thick walls reinforced with lignin, Undergo programmed cell death, Cell walls remain to provide support.... ex: gritty texture of pears
1. Fibers - provide rigid support to wood and organized in bundles -e.g., tree bark
2. Sclereids - occur in various shapes and can be densely packed -e.g., nut shells
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Term
Understand the influence of the presence of a cell wall and the orientation of cell division on plant structure
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Definition
Cell walls - rigid extracellular matrix
- Prevent cells from moving during development
- In animals, cell movement is a huge part of morphogenesis
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Term
Know the differences in regenerative capacity between plants and animals
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Definition
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Term
Understand the influence of transcription factors on the development of flower parts
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Definition
Plant development (determination, differentiation, morphogenesis, growth) is influenced by three unique properties:
• Apical meristems (always embryonic, producing new tissues throughout the plant’s life)
• Cell walls
• Totipotency of most cells
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Term
Know the difference between determination, differentiation, morphogenesis and growth
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Definition
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Term
Know what cellular polarity is and how it relates to embryonic development
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Definition
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Term
Know the animal pole and vegetal pole
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Definition
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Term
Know what a zygote is, where it comes from, and its developmental capability
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Definition
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Term
Understand the differences between totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells with examples of each
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Definition
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Term
Understand what an inducer is, and how its diffusion can influence development
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Definition
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Term
Understand the roles of maternal effect genes, Gap genes, segmentation genes, Hox genes, and Sonic
hedgehog on development
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Definition
Maternal effect genes - produce molecular determinants
(mRNAs and proteins) that are produced in ovary and
deposited into egg
• e.g., bicoid and nanos concentration gradients determine A-P axis, through expression of hunchback gene (establishes head region)
Segmentation genes - three classes of genes that act in sequence
Gap genes – organize broad areas along A-P axis
Hox genes - encode different transcription factors that direct cell fate in each segment; Determine which organs go whereTells head segment to make eyes, one thorax segment to make wings, etc.
Vertebrate limb morphogenesis
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Shh is a morphogen in
the limb bud
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Gradient from posterior
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Term
Understand how maternal effect genes work & the roles of bicoid , nanos, and hunchback
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Definition
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Term
Know what apoptosis is, and the role of BMP4 and Gremlin in web apoptosis
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Definition
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Term
Understand the function of the Pitx1 gene product in stickleback fish
(Pay special attention to where Pitx1 is and is not expressed in freshwater sticklebacks)
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Definition
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Term
Understand how changes in regulatory elements influence morphology
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Definition
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