• Invertebrates are animals that lack a

backbone

• They account for __ of all known

animal species

– All but one phyla __

• We will focus on 9 phyla

– Abundant, well known, important to humans

Phylum Porifera= __

• 5,500 described species

– Range in size from almost microscopic

to over 11 feet across

• Mostly marine, 150 freshwater spp.

• Lack true tissues and symmetry (most primitive)

• Sessile as adults, __ feeders

– Capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their bodies

• Water drawn in through pores __ into a

central cavity __

• Flows out through a larger opening __

Phylum Porifera=Sponges

• Specialized cell types

– Choanocytes = flagellated collar cells

• Line the __

• Generate __ __ with flagella

• Collars trap food particles (projections are covered in __)

• Ingest suspended food via __

– Amoebocytes

• Move via __ 

• Digest food & carry nutrients to other cells

• Manufacture __ fibers

Phylum Porifera=Sponges

• Body of sponge is made up of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region (__)

– Outer layer = __

– Inner layer = __

• Amoebocytes are found in the __

– Two types of skeletal fibers

• Spicules made of __ __ or __

• Flexible fibers made of the

collagen protein __

Phylum Porifera=Sponges

• Can be __ or __ (buds or fragments) in reproduction

• Almost all sponges are sequential __

– Start out as one gender and then transforms into the other

• Gametes are produced in __ or __

– Sperm are released into the water,

swim to a nearby sponge

– Eggs remain in the __

– Flagellated, swimming __

Phylum Porifera=Sponges

• Ecology

– Most common in __ __ waters

– Particularly common on __ __

• Can __ coral species and represent a greater percentage of living biomass

• Economic value

– Sponges used for cleaning, bathing, ect

– Many sponges produce __ __

• antibiotics

– Example = cribrostatin can kill penicillin resistant streptococcus

Phylum Cnidaria=Jellies, Corals, Hydra

• 10,000 described species

• Belong to the clade Eumetazoa = all animals with __ __ (except sponges)

• __ symmetrical and __ - ectoderm and endoderm

• Sessile and floating forms

• carnivores

gastrovascular cavity, mouth, anus

1. Sessile polyp

2. Medusa

Phylum Chidaria=Jellies, Corals, Hydra

• Basic body plan

– A sac with a central digestive compartment = the __ __

– Single opening functions as both __ and __

• There are two variations on the body plan ?

Sessile Polyp:

• Cylindrical, hold onto substrate with __ end

• Tentacles with __ surround the mouth/anus

• Examples = hydra, sea anemones

Medusa

• Flattened, mouth/anus points __

• Float and sometimes swim through water

• Tentacles hang __

• Example = jellies

IMPORTANT

Phylum Cnidaris=Jellies, Corals, Hydra

• Use tentacles to capture their prey

• Tentacles have special stinging cells = __

– Have nematocysts = large organelles that inject __ into prey

• Prey that contact the tentacles are stung and then pulled into the

mouth

• Undigested remains are __through the mouth/anus

Phylum Cnidaris=Jellies, Corals, Hydra

• Outer layer = __ (from ectoderm)

– Have special __ __ that can permit

some species to contract and move

• Inner layer = __ (from endoderm)

– Involved in __

• Middle layer = __

– Mass of jelly-like material with few cells

• Have a simple nervous systems, but no __

Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

Cubozoa

Anthozoa

Phylum Cnidaria is divided into 4 major classes:

Phylum Cnidaria : Class Hydrozoa

• Most alternate between __ and __ froms during their life cycle

• Many species are __

• Can reproduce both asexually ( __ ) and

sexually

• Freshwater hydra are unusual

– Look like simple anemones 

– Lack a __ form

Phylum Cnidaria : Class Scyphozoa

• Jellyfish (jellies)

• Thick __

• Predominant stage = __

– Either no __ stage (open ocean) or a

very short one (coastal)

– Polyps result from fertilization between male and female medusa

– Polyp grows and bud off __ (ephyra)

Phylum Cnidaris : Class Cubozoa

• Found in __ oceans

• __-__ medusa

• __ __ on the fringe of the medusa

• highly __ cnidocytes

– One sea wasp has enough poison to kill 60 humans!

Phylum Cnidaria : Class Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)

• Lack a __ stage – only polyps

• Reproduce __

• Found in warm tropical oceans

• Corals are often __

– Each individual polyp secretes a hard __ skeleton

– Reefs grow as each new generation builds on the __ __ of earlier generations

– Reefs are the most diverse marine habitats

• Anemones

– Solitary

– Can generally move on a disk on their

__ ends

Phylum Platyhelminthes= __

• __ symmetry and __ development

• __ – mouth develops first

• Live in marine, freshwater, & damp terrestrial habitats

• Flattened dorsoventrally (very thin)

– Maximizes surface area to volume ratio

– All cells are close to __

– Exchange gases & eliminate wastes via __ (lack respiratory and circulatory systems)

• Have a gastrovascular cavity

– One opening on __ side

– __ __so that nutrients can be transported to all cells in the body

• Although flatworms undergo triploblastic development, they are __

Turbellaria

Monogenea

Trematoda

Cestoidea 

Phylum Platyhelminthes : Class Turbellaria

• Mostly free-living, marine flatworms

• Freshwater group includes members of the genus __ (planarians)

• More centralized __ system than cnidarians

• Have ganglia – dense clusters of nerve cells in __

• Pair of nerve cords run the length of the body

• Pair of __-__ eye spots on head

• Lateral flaps on head - detect __ signals

• Move either via cilia on ventral surface or swim via body undulations

• Mostly hermaphrodites – can reproduce __ or __

Phylum Platyhelminthes : Class Monogenea

• Marine and freshwater external __ of fish

• Attach to __ or __

• Feed on __ and __ cells of the skin

Phylum Platyhelminthes: ClassTrematoda

• Complex __ life cycles

• Often have more than one __

• Larvae develop in __ host

• Final host where adult worms live (usually vertebrate)

• Advantages and disadvantage of having more than one host?

• can persist if one host becomes rare, must overcome the immune system of 2 hosts.

• __ between sexual and asexual stages

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoidea (tapeworm)

• Internal parasites of __

• Anterior end __ has suckers and hooks used to attach to the internal lining of the host’s intestines

• Lack a __ cavity

– Absorb nutrients directly through the __

• Most of body is made up of segmented units called __

• Contain reproductive organs and thousands of fertilized eggs

• Mature proglottids break off from the posterior of worm and exit with the __

• Eggs can contaminant food or water of intermediate host (cows, pigs)

• Create __ in muscle tissue

• When eaten by a human (improperly cooked meals) the cyst hatches into a

tapeworm

Phylum Rotifera = __

• Inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil

• Smaller than many __ but are truly __ and have specialized organ systems

• Have an __ canal

– A digestive tube with a

– Lies within a fluid-filled __

• Named for their crown of __ that draws a vortex of water into the mouth

• Posterior to the mouth in the pharynx – has jaws ( __ ) which grind up food

• Rotifers reproduce by __

– Females produce offspring from __ eggs

Phyla Ectoprocta, Phoronida, Brachiopoda

• All are considered __

– Have a __ = a horseshoe or circular shaped suspension-feeding organ with ciliated tentacles

– U-shaped alimentary canal

– Absence of distinct __

– Sessile

– Have a true __

Phyla Ectoprocta

– Commonly called __ (moss animals)

– Many are __ with hard __

Phyla Phoronida

– Tube-dwelling __ worms

• Tubes are made of __

– 1 mm to 50 cm in length

Phyla Brachiopoda (lamp shells)

– Marine

– Superficially resemble __

• Two halves of the shell are __ and __ not lateral.

– Attach to the substrate via a stalk ( __ )

Phylum Nemertea=Proboscis/ribbon worms

• 900 spp., nearly all __

• Unique __

– Used for defense and prey capture (often delivers toxin)

– Extended by a fluid-filled sac

• Have a closed __ __

– Blood is contained in __ distinct from fluid in the body cavity

• Have an __ __ (separate mouth and anus)

Phylum Nematoda=Roundworms

• Found in most __ habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals (some are __)

• 25,000 described species (20X more likely exist)

• Pseudocoelomates & protostomes -- mouth develops first

• __ and tend to be very small

• __ anterior end and __ posterior

• Covered by a __ outer coating (cuticle-tough: resistant to abrasion)

Phylum Nematoda=Roundworms

• Have an alimentary canal (separate anus and mouth)

• Lack a circulatory system

– Nutrients are transported via fluid in the __

• Have only __ muscles – wiggle/ trashing movements

• Most nematodes are decomposers of dead __ material...they move around in the soil

– Important for __ cycling

• Some are plant parasites

Attact roots: Agricultural pests

Phylum Nematoda=Roundworms

• Many are parasites of animals

– 50 species of nematodes are parasites of humans: pinworms and hookworms

– Trichinella spiralis causes __

• Can get infected by eating undercooked __ with __ __ __ in the muscle tissue

• Once in a human, the nematodes mature and burrow into __ muscles lining the intestines

• New juveniles travel through the lymph system to other __ and __, where they encyst

• Symptoms:

– Diarrhea, muscle pain (especially with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles), muscle weakness

Phylum Annelida=Segmented Worms

• 16,500 spp.

• Made up of __ –subdivisions that partially transect the body cavity

• Live in marine, freshwater and damp soil

• Range in size from 1mm to 3 m (giant Australian earthworm)

• Passive __ __ to voracious & active __

• Bilaterally symmetrical, Protostomes, Coelomates 

• Have both circular and longitudinal muscle fibers (hydrostatic skeleton) -- can move in a linear fashion too.

Phylum Annelida=Segmented worms

• Nervous system

– Brain-like pair of cerebral __ in head

– Connects to a __ nerve cord

• Have some combination of

– Tactile organs, chemoreceptors, balance receptors & photoreceptors

• Closed circulatory system -- blood is contained within __

– Dorsal and ventral blood vessels

– Linked down the length of the worm by __ of vessels

– Five pairs of vessels that circle the esophagus

Phylum Annelida=Segmented worms

• Respiration

– Occurs through the __ via abundant, tiny blood vessels

– Blood contains oxygen-carrying __

• Excretory system

– Each segment contains __ = excretory tubes (false kidnys)

– Remove wastes from the blood and coelomic fluids

• Digestive system = __ canal 

– Oligochaeta

– Polychaeta (polychaetes)

– Hirudinea

Phylum Annelida=Segmented worms 

divided into 3 classes

Phylum Annelida : Class Oligochaeta

• Includes earthworms and a variety of aquatic species

• Named for the __

– Bristles made of __

– Found on the __ side of each segment

– Used for __

• Earthworms are __

– Eat through soil, extracting nutriens from dead plant material as the soil moves through the alimentary canal

Phylum Annelida : Class Oligochaeta

• Most earthworms are __

– Cross fertilize - exchange __

– Clitellum = organ that secretes

a mucus __ in which embryos develop

Phylum Annelida : Class Polychaeta

– Mostly marine worms

– Each segment has paddle-like structures = __ (false feet)

• Aid in locomotion (each __ has several __)

• Function as __ - richly supplied with blood vessels...gas exchange

– Diverse morphologies

• Includes fan worms and feather duster worms that build tubes using __ secretion

Phylum Annelida : Class Hirudinea

– Most leeches are found in freshwater habitats, a few are marine and some are terrestrial (require warm, moist conditions)

– Some are predatory and others are parasitic

• Parasites either make a  __ or secrete __ that digest a hole in the skin

• Secrete __ (an anticoagulant) and an enesthetic

• Can suck up to 10 x their body weight in blood

Phylum Mollusca

• Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squids, & chitons

• Most are marine, some in freshwater and terrestrial

• Bilateral, protostomen (coelomates)

• Soft-bodied, but most are protected by a hard shell

– Shell is made of __ __

– Some have an __ shell or have completely lost their shell

• All molluscs have a similar body plan with three

main parts:

1. Muscular foot

• Used for __

2. Visceral mass

• Contains most of the __

• Gonads - most species have __ sexes

3. Mantle

• Layer that covers the visceral mass

• Typically secretes the __

Phylum Mollusca

• Additional common structures:

– Mantle cavity

• Space between __ and __

• Houses __ and __

– Radula

• __ organ

• Scrapes __ off of surfaces

• Have open circulatory system

– Heart pumps __ through arteries to

sinuses (body cavities)

– Polyplacophora 

– Gastropoda 

– Bivalvia 

– Cephalopoda 

Phylup Mollusca : 8 Classes

4 Classes that we focused on ?

Phylum Mollusca : Class Polyplacophora ( __ )

– __-shaped marine animals

– Encased in a shell made up of __ dorsal plates

– Found on __ along coast

– Foot acts like __ cup to grip to rocks

• Hold tight against predators

• Keep wet when exposed to air during low tide

– Herbivores

• Use __ to scrape algae

Mollusca

Polyplacophora

[image]

What is the Phyum and Class?

Phylum Mollusca : Class Gastropoda ( __ and __ )

– __of all living species of molluscs

– Most are __, but some are freshwater or terrestrial

– Most have a single, spiral __

• Protection from predators and desication

– Slugs lack a shell or have a reduced shell

– Have a distinct head with eyes

• Eyes often at the tips of the __

– Most have a __ to eat plants or algae, but some are predatory

– The most distinctive characteristic of gastropods = __

• Occurs during development, causes __and __ __ to end up above its head

Mollusca

Gastropoda

[image]

What is the Phylum and Class?

Phylum Mollusca : Class Gastropoda

A land snale's mantle cavity is enriched with __ __ and functions as a __

A "naked snail" has lost it's mantle cavity due to evolution and its gills are exposed on the __ surface.

Plylum Mollusca : Class Bivalvia ( __, __, __, __ )

• They have two lateral shells (right and left)

– Hinged together __

– Closed via __ muscles (very strong)

• Lack a __ and __

• Filter feeders

– Pull water into shell via an incurrent __

– Passes across gills & __ catches food particles

– Particles are then passed to the mouth via __

– Water exists shell via an excurrent __

Phylum Mollusca : Class Bivalvia

– Lead a relatively __ life

– Some are attached to the __

– Clams and mussels can move or __ themselves

Phylum Mollusca : Class Cephalopoda ( __ and __)

– Active predatory __

– Grab prey with tentacles (modified __) and inject with a venomous saliva (not harmful to __ )

– Have strong

– __circulatory system

– Well developed __ system and complex __ (most intelligent invertebrates)

– Very elaborate eyes = good vision

– Largest invertebrate = giant squid (2.5 m!)

Phylum Mollusca : Class Cephalopoda

– Many species can alter their color to __ in with their surroundings

– Can eject __ when they feel threatned

• Main constituents are __ and __

– Most octopuses creep along the sea floor in search of prey ( __ tentacles)

– Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly ( __ tentacles)

• Water is squirted out of __ __ (jet propulsion)

• Can direct __ to control movements

– Nautiluses = only remaining group of __ cephalopods (80-90 tentacles)

Phylum Arthropoda

•  __ of all known species of animals

– Crustaceans, spiders, insects, etc.

• Bilateral, segmented coelomates with an alimentary canal

• Have jointed appendages & a hard exoskeleton

– Made of __ (a polysaccharide) and proteins

– To grow – need to __ the exoskeleton

• Molting or ecdysis?

• __ expensive

• Vulnerable to __ until new skeleton hardens

• Segmented bodies (head, thorax, abdomen)

– # of segments differ

– __ or loss of segments across groups

Phylum Arthropoda

• Well developed sensory organs in head

• Often have __ eyes

• Composed of many individual visual units

• Smell receptors

• Antenna – __ and __

• Open circulatory system

• __ is propelled by the heart into sinuses surrounding the tissues & organs

• Gas exchange

• Aquatic species have __

– Thin & feathered = increases __ __

• Terrestrial species have a tracheal system with openings to the outside called __ (extensive series of tubes)

– Cheliceriformes

– Myriapoda 

– Hexapoda 

– Crustacea 

Phylum Arthropoda

• Living arthropods consist of four major lineages (subphyla) that diverged early:

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Cheliceriformes ( __ __, __ __, __, __, __, __)

– Named for claw-like feeding appendages called __ (serve as pinchers or fangs)

– No __

– Simple __

– Two main body sections: __ and __

– Most marine species are __ (except sea spiders, horseshoe crabs)

– Most modern cheliceriforms are in class __

• __ pairs of legs

• Pair of __ -function in sensing or feeding

• Chelicerae- fangs/ feeding appendages

– Spiders

• Predators that make __ and are __

• Gas exchange occurs in __ __– stacked plates with extensive surface area

– Ticks = blood-sucking parasites of terestrial __

– Mites = usually very small, feed on fungi, plants, animals

Arthropoda

Cheliceriformes

[image]

Whats the Phylum and Subphylum?

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Myriapoda  ( __ and __ )

• All are terrestrial and have __

– Class __ (millipedes)

• Each trunk segment has __ pairs of legs

• Eat decaying __ material

– Class __ (centipedes)

• __ pair of legs per trunk segment

• __ with jaw-like mandibles

• Have a pair of __ fangs

Arthropoda

Myriapoda

Diplopoda

No

[image]

What is the Phylum and Subphylum? What is the Class? Is this critter poisonous?

Arthropoda

Myriapoda

Chilopoda

Yes

[image]

What is the Phylum? What is the Subphylum? What is the Class? Is this critter poisonous?

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Hexapoda ( __, __ )

– More species than all other forms of life combined

– Terrestrial & fresh water – __ in marine

– Body plan

• Head, thorax __ pairs of legs, abdomen

• Wings – one or two pairs attacthed to the dorsal __

– Advantages of flight?

• . excape __

• . Find __

• . Disperse

• Antennae

• Compound __

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Hexapoda

– Reproduction

• Separate __ and __ fertilization

– Development

• Metamorphosis – major changes in __ of an individual during development

• Incomplete metamorphosis

– Young are called __

– Resemble adults but are __

– Go through a series of __

– Final molt

• Reach full size, develop __ ,

become sexually __ adults

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Hexapoda

• Complete metamorphosis

– Have __ stage (maggots, grub, catterpillars)

– Larvae look completely __ from adults

• __ and __

– Pupae

• Inside the pupa, the larva’s body

completely __ into a fully grown

adult

Insecta

Orthoptera

Odonata

Hemiptera

Coleoptera

Lepidoptera

Diptera

Hymenoptera

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Hexapoda

Class: __

26 Orders total

7 Orders we focused on:

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Insecta : Order Orthoptera

– Large __ __ for jumping

– __ with chewing mouth parts

– __ metamorphisis

– Among the __ insects

Ex. grasshoppers, crickets, katydid, and their relatives

Phylum Arthropoda:Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Insecta : Order Odonata

 – One of the most __ orders

– __ pairs of large transparent flying wings

– At rest, dragonfly wings are __, damselfly wings are __

– Predators of other __

– Nymphs are __-freshwater

– __ metamorphosis

Ex.-Dragonfly and Damselfly

Phylum Arthropoda:Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Insecta : Order Hemiptera

– Means "half wing"

• Part of the first pair of wings is __,

while the rest is __

• Second pair of wings is all __

– Piercing or sucking mouthparts -functions like a __

• Some are __ - suck plant juices

• Others are __ or can bite painfully - suck blood

– __ metamorphosis

Ex. "true-bugs", bed bugs, assassin bugs, clinch bugs, and leaf-footed bug

Phylum Arthropoda:Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Insecta : Order Coleoptera

– Very diverse

– __ pairs of wings

• Outer pair is hardened = __

• Inner pair membranous = __

– Heavily __ exoskeleton

– Biting and chewing mouth parts – __ and __

– __ metamorphosis

Ex. beetles

Phylum Arthropoda:Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Insecta : Order Lepidoptera

– __ pairs of broad, scaly __ wings that are often brightly colored

– Adults have tube-like, sucking mouth parts ( __ ) - many feed on nectar

– __ metamorphosis -

– How to tell a moth from a butterfly?

• Butterflies have smooth, __ bodies; moths tend to be plump and __

• Most butterflies are active during the __; most moths are __

• Butterflies generally rest with their wings held __ ; moths __ them out

Ex. Butterflies and moths

Phylum Arthropoda:Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Insecta : Order Diptera

– __ pair of __ wings

– Second pair are modified into small club-shaped structures called __ (balancing organs)

– Large, __ eyes

– Mouth - sucking, lapping or piercing

– __ metamorphosis (maggots)

– Many are __ – especially of dead animals

– Also predators, pollinators & parasites

Ex. Flies and mosquitoes

Phylum Arthropoda:Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Insecta : Order Hymenoptera

– 2 pairs of __ wings

– Often highly __

• All ants, some bees and wasps are __

– cooperative care of the young, castes, overlapping generations

– Many are known for their sting (females)

– Beneficial to humans

• Natural enemies of many __ pests (parasitic wasps)

• Pollinators of __ plants (bees and wasps)

Ex. ants, bees, and wasps

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Crustacea (__, __, __, __)

– Largely __ & __

– Traits

• __appendages, often highly specialized for __

• Two pairs of __

• Numerous mouth parts – __ types

• Have appendages on __

• Two main body parts = __ and __

– Gas exchange

• Smaller species directly across __ (exoskeleton)

• Larger species have __

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Crustacea

Important Orders

• Isopoda (isopods)

– 10,000 species

– Terrestrial, freshwater, marine

– Small __ and __

– Micrograzers, micropredators, parasites, & detritivores

– Includes pill bugs, __-__, wood lice

Phylum Arthropoda : Subphylum Crustacea

Important Orders : Decapoda

– Large __

– Cuticle on dorsal side is hardened by __ __ 

– Mostly __ (freshwater crayfish)

– Some are planktonic (zooplankton)

• Krill = small & __-__, eaten by some whales

• Copepods (aka-cyclops-single eye)

– Barnacles = __

• __ to rocks, boats, whales

• __ food particles out of water