Epithelial 

Connective 

Muscle 

Nervous

Most animals are composed of

specialized cells organized into __

Epithelial

Connective

 Muscle 

Nervous

Some epithelial tissue are __ : 

they secrete mucus, milk, enzymes, and sweat.

Some epithelial tissue are __ : 

like the lining of the intestines

Some epithelial tissues are __ : 

Those that are used for smelling and tasting

Cilia, microvilli

microvilli

Some epithelial tissues have __ or __ : 

extensions of the cells

__ help to incrase surface area

cells are held together with __ __ 

(leak proof)

cuboidal

columnar

squamous

Specialized for excretion

Kidney tubules, glands

ex. thyroid and salivary 

columnar (tall, cylindrical) 

Lining of digestive tract

 Secret digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients

Goblet cells – secrete mucus for protection

have microvilli and cilia

simple

stratified

pseudostratified 

sinlge layer of cells

simple squamous:

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lining of lungs, blood vessels, urinary tract, male reproductive tract

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kidneys and glands

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outer layers of skin, mouth, and throat

surfaces subject to abrasion

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lining of respiratory passages

cilia beat to keep depri and mucus from entering the lungs

apical

basal

surface that faces the lumen cavity 

• growing surface

surfaces attached to the basal lamina

• a dense mat of extracellular matrix that separates epithelium from underlying tissue

Cells synthesize and secrete __

• Holds cells together

• Protection and support for plasma membranes

collagen

Composed of strong fibers of __ (protein)

• Most abundant protein in the human

body= 40%

located in the extracellular fluid

Integrins are __ proteins

transmembrane proteins

Connective tissue

Mainly __ and __ other tissues

• It contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an

extracellular matrix

• The matrix consists of a web of fibers in a liquid, jelly-like, or solid foundation

Three types of fibers, all are made of proteins:

1– Collagenous fibers = provide strength & flexibility, nonelastic,

made up of __

Three types of fibers, all are made of proteins:

2– Elastic fibers = stretch and snap back to their original

length, made up of __.

Three types of fibers, all are made of proteins:

3- Reticular fibers = join connective tissue to __ __.

Connective tissues contain many cell types

• Two types predominant:

– Fibroblasts = secrete the proteins of the __.

– Macrophages = type of white blood in

connective tissues, __ against invading pathogens and __ of dead cells.

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Cartilage

3. Fibrous

4. Adipose

5. Blood

6. Bone

Six types of connective tissues in

vertebrates

Loose Connective Tissue: 

• Most __ connective tissue

• Made up of all three types of fibers

• Binds epithelia to underlying __ and __ organs in place.

Cartilage: 

• Strong and __ support material

• Collagen fibers embedded in a __ matrix

• Cells called __ are found in small groups (2 – 4) in cavities __ ( __ ) in the matrix

• Secrete the matrix called __ __.

• Found in nose, ears, airways, sternum

• Skeleton in early development (starts out as cartilage and is replaced with bone).

Fibrous Connective Tissue:

• Dense with collagen fibers

• Fibers form __ bundles

•  Found in

– Tendons = attaches __ to bones

– Ligaments = connects bones and joints (bones to bones)

Adipose Tissue:

Specialized type of __ connective tissue

• Each cell contains a fat droplet that __ when fat is stored and __ when fat is used as fuel

• Very small __

• Store energy, insulation, cushioning, protection

Blood:

Liquid extracellular matrix = __

• Dissolved substances (proteins, salts, ect)

Two cell types

1. __

• Red blood cells

• Carry __

2. __

• White blood cells

• Many types

• Important components of the __ __.

Bone:

• Mineralized, forms the __

– Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

• Osteoblasts = __-__ cells

– Deposit matrix of __

• Osteon = concentric layers of mineralized matrix which surround a __ __

– Contains blood vessels and nerves

• Canaliculi = hairlike canals that connect the __ to each other and to the central canal

Functions of Bone:

1: __

2: __- connections for muscles

3: __ for delicate organs

4: __ storage - calcium and phosphate

5: __ __ formation - marrow

muscle fibers, nerve, mycofilaments, abundant, 

1. Skeletal muscle

2. Smooth muscle

3. Cardiac muscle

Muscle Tissue:

• consists of long cells called __ __.

• Contract in response to __ signals

– Cells possess __ (contractile protein filaments)

• Most __ tissue in the body

• It is divided in the vertebrate body into three types: ?

Skeletal Muscle:

• Multiple __ per cell, __ muscle cells.

• Responsible for __ movement (under conscious control)

• Skeletal muscles - connect to bones, important for organismal movement

• Have light and dark bands = appear __

• Can contract __, but tire easily

Smoothe Muscle:

• Lack striations, each cell has a __ nucleus

• Make up the walls of many __ organs

– Forces fluids to other substances through

• Involuntary = not under __ control

• Contractions are slow and __.

Cardiac Muscle:

Found only in the __, involuntary

• Striated, __ cells with a single nucleus

• Unique junctions = __ __

– Important communication channels between cells that __ contractions.

Nervous Tissue:

• The master __ and __ system of the body

• Sense stimuli and __ signals throughout an animal

– Cells communicate by electrical signals which are rapid, specific, and cause __ responses

• Nervous tissue contains two main cell types:

– __ (nerve cells)

• Transmit nerve impulses & release chemical signals (__)

• Have extensions = __ and __

– __

• Help nourish, insulate, replenish neurons

Neurons:

1. Extremely __ __: entire lifetime of an organism

2. Do not __

3. Very high __ __

• Require continuous & abundant supplies of __ and __

Signaling by Neurons:

Involved in bringing in __ information

• eyes, ears, ect

• __ this information

• __ it

• Spinal cord, brain

• __ -communicating information between brain and muscles.