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| a type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypedtides |
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| a staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls |
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| describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. ___ bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria |
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| describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. ___ are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria. |
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| a sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces |
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| a short, hairlike sppendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells; also known as an attachment pilus. |
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| in bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation |
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| an oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus |
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| a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell |
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| one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts). ___ are found in cells of photosynthetic organisms |
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| a thick-coated, resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions |
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| a change in the genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell |
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| a type of horizontal gene transfer in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one host cell to another |
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Definition
| in prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells (of the same or different species) that are temporarily joined. In ciliates, a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploid micronuclei |
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| In bacteria, the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. The ___ may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome |
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| the plasmid form of the F factor |
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| a bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics |
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| an organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide |
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| an organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances |
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| An organism that uses light to generate ATP but must obtain carbon in organic form |
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| an organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon |
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| an organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it |
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| an organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it |
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| the use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains |
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| an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present |
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| The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants |
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| an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them |
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| a surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation |
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| an organism that lives in an environment whose conditions are so extreme that few other species can survive there. ___ they include extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles |
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| an organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea |
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| An organism that thrives in hot environments (often 60-80C or hotter) |
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| an organism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product; all known ___ are in domain Archaea. |
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| an organism hat absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detrivore |
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| an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact |
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| the larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, serving as home and food source for the smaller symbiont |
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| the smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host |
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| a symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit |
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| a symbiotic realtionship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another by living either within or on the host. |
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| an organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism. ___ harm but usually do not kill their host. |
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| an organism or virus that causes disease |
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| A toxin protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present |
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| A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die. |
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| the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems. |
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