Superorder under subclass actinopterygii, superorder under division teleostei, superorder under subdivision euteleostei.

Order under Subclass Actinopterygii, Order under divsion Teleostei, Order under subdivsion Euteleostei. Order under superorder Lampriomorpha.  Includes opahs, ribbonfish and oarfish. [image][image]

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Modification of the upper jaw that allows for protrusion of both premaxilla
and maxilla together, the maxilla is not ligamentously attached to the
ethmoid and palatine, rather it slides in and out with the highly protractile
premaxilla.

Superorder under Subclass Actinopterygii, Superorder under divsion Teleostei, superorder under subdivsion euteleostei.

This group represents a euteleost lineage that evolved parallel to
acanthopterygians. Its monophyletic status is debated, with resulting changes in
membership, but by and large it is no longer regarded as a true assemblage.
 All presently recognized paracanthopterygians are carnivorous fishes characterized
by the unique evolutionary pathway their caudal fin has followed. They tend to
have a reduced number of caudal fin rays and jugular/thoracic pelvic fin
attachment.

Order under Superorder Paracanthopterygii

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Order united by:
o Nonprotractile premaxilla
o Pelvic fins (if present) just behind pectoral fins, with soft rays only
o Ctenoid scales
o Weak spines in dorsal fin

(cod, grenadier, hake)

Order under Superorder Parancanthopterygii

Order united by:
o Thoracic or jugular pelvics.
o No true spines.
o Long dorsal and anal fins.
o Scales usually cycloid (rarely ctenoid).
o Premaxilla forms entire margin of upper jaw (i.e. excludes maxilla from
gape).
o Swimbladder without pneumatic duct.
o Often subterminal mouths.

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Order under Superorder Paracanthopterygii

Order united by:
o Body usually scaleless (small cycloid in some).
o Large head with somewhat dorsally‐directed eyes.
o Large mouth, bordered by premaxilla and maxilla.
o Pelvic fins jugular, and with one spine.
o Some species can produce audible sounds.

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Order under Superorder Paracanthopterygii

. Lophiiforms are nearly all marine fishes with a worldwide distribution. Most of
these fishes are characterized by modifications of the first dorsal spine used for
attracting prey to the vicinity of the mouth.
. Many ceratioid families exhibit an unusual reproductive adaptation known as sexual
parasitsm whereby male(s) attach to the female and remain attached for life.

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Superorder under Subclass Actinopterygii

. Acanthopterygians are characterized by adaptations of the muscles and
articulations involved in pharyngeal teeth movement (e.g., the attachment of the
retractor dorsalis muscle) and a well‐developed ascending process allowing
improved upper jaw mobility.
. Acanthopterygians are a very diverse group (containing 11,000+ species), found
throughout the world.
. Examine specimens from representative acanthopterygian orders (there are more
to come in the next lab):

Order under series Mugilomorpha

Order united by:
o Two distinct spiny‐rayed (4 spines) and soft‐rayed (8‐10 rays) dorsal fins.
o Anal fin with two or three spines.
o Pectoral fins high on body.
o Pelvic fins subabdominal, with one spine.
o Ctenoid scales.

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Series under superorder Acanthopterygii.

Series under Subclass Actinopterygii

Series Atherinomorhpa – An assemblage of fishes within Acanthopterygii lacking a ball
and socket joint between palatine and maxilla.

 Order under series Atherinomorpha. Order under superorder Acanthopterygii

Order united by:
o Two distinct dorsal fins.
o Anal fin usually preceded by a spine.
o Lateral line absent or very weak.
o Pectoral fins inserted high on body.
o Pelvic fins abdominal or thoracic.

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flying fishes, half‐beaks, needlefish, sauries

Order under series Atherinomorpha, which is under superorder Acanthopterygii

Order united by:
o Fixed or nonprotrusible upper jaw.
o Largely dorsally directed mouths and eyes.

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Order under series Atherinomorpha which is under superorder acanthopterygii

(pupfishes, killifishes, guppies)

Order united by:
o Truncate or rounded caudal fin.
o Pectoral fin inserted ventrolaterally.
o Lateral line canal and pores on head.
o Upper jaw bordered by premaxilla only.

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Series under Superorder Acanthopterygii

 Most derived euteleostean clade.
 ~12,000 species of largely marine fishes.
 United by:
o Thoracic placed pelvic girdle that is connected to the pectoral girdle directly
or via a ligament.
o Pelvic fin typically consists of one spine and five rays.

Order under series Percomorpha, which is under Superorder Acanthopterygii.

fangtooths, flashlight fish, pinecone fish,
squirrelfish

 A poorly defined, diverse group, most fishes in this order possess very large
eyes.

 All marine fishes with many meso‐ and bathypelagic species.

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Order under series percomorpha which is under superorder Acanthopterygii

(sticklebacks, sea horses, pipefish,
trumpetfish)

 Order united by:
o Body often with armor of dermal plates.
o Small mouth.

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swamp eels

Order under series Percaomorpha, which is under Superorder Acanthopterygii

Order united by:
o Elongate body.
o Pelvic fins absent.
o Single, continuous gill opening confined to lower half of body (i.e. a
cutthroat appearance).
o Premaxilla without ascending process.
o Only freshwater examples of protogynous hermaphrodites.

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