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| study of kinds and diversity of organisms |
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| classification of groups of organisms |
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| bacillus, coccus, spirillus |
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| archaebacteria, bacteria, prostista, plantae, anamalia, fungi |
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| kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| crypsis/background matching |
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| evolve to blend in with sorroundings |
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| movement of alleles throughout a region via movement of individuals, tends towards homogenaity |
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| process through which invdividuals with favorable traits have greater reproductive success and pass on their traits to offspring |
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| geographic populations of a species are noticeably different, yes gene flow between |
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| speciation that occurs in geographically separate populations |
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| Reproductive isolating mechanisms- processes which inhibit interbreeding in sympatric populations |
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| before mating, include different genitalia, different mating seasons/times, different recognition methods |
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| after mating, include hybrids not surviving, not being able to reproduce |
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| differences among species originating from a common ancestor |
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| one group of species or a lineage that includes all the species evolved from a common ancestor |
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| different species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures, also called independent evolution |
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| features that evolved through adaptive radiation from a common origin |
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| phenotypic traits that serve the same function |
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| in Galapagos, different finch species have evolved different beak characteristics for the different feeding habits they exhibit- seed eaters, insect eaters, tree finches/coastal finches |
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| general conclusions from specific observations |
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| specific predictions from general principles |
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| 1707-1778 inventor of taxonomy, "system of venn diagrams", only shows present relationships- no past/history |
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| 1766-1834, though populations were driven by death rates, thought more will be born than will live and prosper |
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| Darwin's 3 big pieces of evidence for evolution |
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| fossil record, artificial selection, inheritance |
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| On the Origin of Species, 1859 |
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| shows common ancestor and only some of descendants |
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| only shows descendants- mixing grps from different ancestors |
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| speciation- change within and among populations |
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| change within a population |
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| in same place, with no gene flow in between |
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Biological Species Concept
group of actually or petentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
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| hybrids, asexual reproduction |
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| random fluctuations in allele frequency over time by chance, not selection |
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| common in plants, instantaneous speciation through polyploidy |
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| more than two sets of chromosomes |
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| all chromosomes arise from single species |
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| genetic variation within a species seen in particular locations, ex: Yarrow- height varies based on altitude |
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| need to minimize competition |
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| evolution goes slowly at same rate |
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| speed up then slow then speed up |
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