Term
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Definition
-too much CO2 excretion by the lungs
-caused by hyperventilation
-compensated for by metabolic acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
-reduced CO2 excretion by the lungs
-caused by diseases such as COPD, emphysema, bronchitis, asthma
-compensated for by metabolic alkalosis |
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Term
| What happens to the values of arterial blood pH, HCO3-, and CO2 as RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS develops? |
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Definition
pH decreases
HCO3- increases
CO2 increases |
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Term
| What happens to the values of arterial blood pH, HCO3-, and CO2 as RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS develops? |
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Definition
pH increases
HCO3- decreases
CO2 decreases |
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Term
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Definition
alkaline conditions in the body from ANY CAUSE OTHER THAN RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
-ex. vomitting stomach fluid/contents |
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Term
| What happens to the values of arterial blood pH, HCO3-, and CO2 as METABOLIC ALKALOSIS develops? |
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Definition
pH increases
HCO3- increase
CO2 increases (after compensation) |
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Term
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Definition
-Generation of too much nonvolatile acid in the body
-caused by high protein diets, renal failure, and anabolic activity (lactic acid from exercising) |
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Term
| What happens to the values of arterial blood pH, HCO3-, and CO2 as METABOLIC ACIDOSIS develops? |
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Definition
pH decreases
HCO3- decreases
CO2 decreases (after compensation) |
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Term
| Nonpolar, Zwitterionic amino acids |
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Definition
Glycine (Gly)
Alanin (Ala)
Valine (Val)
Leucine (Leu)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Methionine (Met)
Trytophan (Trp)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Prolien (Pro) |
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Term
| Polar, Zwitterionic amino acids |
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Definition
Serine (Ser)
Threonine (Thr)
Cysteine (Cys)
Asparagine (Asn)
Glutamine (Gln)
Tyrosine (Tyr) |
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Term
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Definition
have side chains that are either non polar or polar
the alpha amino and alpha carboxyl groups give zwitterionic amino acids a net charge near zero at neutral pH
*side chain has no charge* |
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Term
| Polar, anionic (acidic) amino acids |
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Definition
Aspartate (Aspartic acid, Asp)
Glutamate (Glutamic acid, Glu) |
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Term
| Polar, cationic (basic) amino acids |
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Definition
Lysine (Lys)
Arginine (Arg)
Histidine (His) |
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Term
| What accounts for the reduces insulin glargine solubility relatively to human insulin at near neutral pH? |
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Definition
Glargine has a more neutral charge, making it more hydrophobic/polar and less soluable than human insulin
also, since insulin molec have charges of -1.8, they repel eachother at pH 7 and thus insulin dissolves readily. this electrostatic repulsion between glargine is much less and therefore, it does not dissove as rapidly. |
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Term
| How would you modify the primary structure of insulin to increase its solubility and make inhected insulin available to insulin-sensitive tissues more rapidly than human insulin? |
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Definition
| increase the anionic amino acids, making it more polar, thus increasing the electrostatic repulsion, which results in increased hydrophobic interactions and causes the insulin to dissolve more rapidly |
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