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Biochemistry
Molecular
91
Biochemistry
Graduate
01/17/2014

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Term
most abundant RNA
Definition
rRNA
Term
longest type of RNA
Definition
mRNA
Term
smallest type of RNA
Definition
tRNA
Term
start codon
Definition
AUG
Term
stop codos
Definition
UGA, UAA, UAG
Term
promoter sequences
Definition
25 TATA, 75 CAAT
Term
promoter mutation
Definition
decrease in amount of gene transcribed
Term
enhancer
Definition
increases rate of expression
Term
silencer
Definition
where negative regulators (repressors) bind
Term
RNA polymerase I
Definition
makes rRNA
Term
RNA polymerase II
Definition
makes mRNA
Term
alpha-amanitin
Definition
death cap mushrooms; inhibit RNA polymerase II, liver failure
Term
RNA polymerase III
Definition
makes tRNA
Term
prokaryotic RNA
Definition
only 1 that makes all 3
Term
RNA processing
Definition
5' cap, 3' polyadenylation, splicing out of introns
Term
splicing of mRNA
Definition
1' transcript and snRNP combine with other proteins to make spliceosome -> lariat intermediate -> lariate removed and 2 eons joined
Term
anti-SnRNP
Definition
lupus
Term
when is the lac operon on?
Definition
no glucose and excess lactose
Term
intron
Definition
intervening, noncoding that stays in nucleus
Term
exon
Definition
exit and are expressed
Term
cloverleaf formation
Definition
tRNA
Term
enzyme that binds the AA to tRNA
Definition
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Term
bind 30S
Definition
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
Term
tRNA wobble
Definition
only first 2 positions of an mRNA codon so the 3rd "wobble" position may code for same AA/tRNA
Term
protein synthesis initiation
Definition
activated by GTP hydrolysis initiation factors help assemple
Term
protein synthesis elongation
Definition
aminoacyl-tRNA binds to A site
- robosomal rRNA catalyzes peptide bond formaiton, transfers growing polypeptide to AA in A site
- ribosome advances 3 nucleotides toward 3' end of RNA, moving peptidyl RNA to P site
Term
protein synthesis termination
Definition
stop codon recognized by release factor and completed protein is released from ribosome
Term
bind 50S
Definition
chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, linezolid, lincomycin, streptogramins
Term
trimming
Definition
removal of N or C terminal from zymogens to generate mature proteins
Term
covalent alterations
Definition
phosphorylation, glycosylation, hydroxylation
Term
proteosomal degradation
Definition
attachment of ubiquitin to defective protons to tag them for breakdown
Term
why makes DNA negative?
Definition
phosphate
Term
what makes histones positive?
Definition
lysine and arginine
Term
heterochromatin
Definition
inactive, condensed
Term
methylation
Definition
allows mismatch repair enzymes to distinguish old and new
Term
hypermethylation
Definition
inactivates
Term
euchromatin
Definition
less condensed, active
Term
acetylation
Definition
relaxes DNA coiling, allowing transcription
Term
purine ex
Definition
A, G
Term
pyrimidine Ex
Definition
C, T, U
Term
GC or AT bond stronger?
Definition
GC -> higher melting point
Term
amino acids for purine synth
Definition
glyie, aspartate, glutamine
Term
AA for pyrimidine synthesis
Definition
aspartate, glutamine
Term
carbons for purines
Definition
CO2, THF, glycine
Term
carbons for pyrimidines
Definition
CO2, aspartate
Term
inhibits ribonucleatide reductase
Definition
hydroxyurea
Term
blocks de no vo purine synthesis
Definition
6-MP
Term
inhibits thymidylate synthease
Definition
5-FU
Term
inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Definition
methotrexate, trimethoprim
Term
RLE for pyrimidine
Definition
CPS II
Term
RLE for purine synthesis
Definition
glutamine PRPP aminotransferase
Term
megaloblastic anemia that doesn't improve with B12 or folate
Definition
orotic aciduria
Term
increased orotic acid in urine but no increased ammonia
Definition
orotic aciduria
Term
orotic aciduria deficiency
Definition
orotic acid phsophoribosyltransferase or orotidine 5' phosphate decarboxylase
Term
purine synthesis
Definition
start with sugar + phosphate, + base
Term
pyrimidine synthesis
Definition
make base + sugar + phosphate, modify base
Term
guanine -> GMP
Definition
HGPRT
Term
hypoxanthine -> IMP
Definition
HGPRT
Term
xanthine -> uric acid
Definition
xanthine oxidase
Term
adenosine -> inosine
Definition
ADA
Term
ADA deficiency
Definition
imbalance in nucleotide pool ia feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase -> prevents DNA synthesis and thus decreases lymphocyte count. causes SCID
Term
lesch-nyhan deficiency
Definition
HGPRT
Term
retardation, self mutilation, gout
Definition
lesch nyhan
Term
drugs that use xanthine oxidase also
Definition
azathioprine and 6-MP
Term
unambiguous features
Definition
each coon has only 1 AA
Term
degenerate/redundant feature
Definition
more than 1 codon may code for same AA
Term
commaless feature
Definition
from a fixed starting point
Term
universal feature of genetic code
Definition
conserved throughout evolution
Term
silent mutation
Definition
same AA
Term
missense mutaiton
Definition
changed AA
Term
conservative mutation
Definition
same chemical structure
Term
nonsense mutation
Definition
early stop codon
Term
frame shift mutaiton
Definition
misreading of al nucleotides downstream
Term
origin of replication
Definition
where DNA synthesis begins
Term
replication fork
Definition
where leading and lagging synthesized
Term
helicase
Definition
unwinds DNA at fork
Term
single stranded binding proteins
Definition
prevent reannealing
Term
DNA topoisomerases
Definition
relieve supercoils
Term
what inhibits DNA topoisomerase
Definition
FQ, etopside
Term
primase
Definition
makes RNA primer to initiate
Term
DNA pol III
Definition
elongates from 3 -> 5
Term
DNA pol I
Definition
prokaryotic only; degrades RNA primer and fills in gap
Term
ligase
Definition
seals
Term
telomerase
Definition
adds DNA to 3' end to avoid loss of material
Term
endonucleases relase oligonucleotide contained bases
Definition
nucleotide excision repair
Term
nucleotide excision repair defect
Definition
xeroderma pigmentosum
Term
glycosylases remove damaged base, endonucleased cuts DNA, removed, and then filled and resealed
Definition
base excision repair
Term
mismatched nucleotides are removed and gap is filled
Definition
mismatch repair
Term
mismatch repair defect
Definition
HNPCC
Term
brings together 2 ends of DNA
Definition
non homologous end joining
Term
non homologous end joining defects
Definition
ataxia telangiectasia, bloom syndrome
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